{"id":2214,"date":"2026-02-25T08:08:31","date_gmt":"2026-02-25T08:08:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/?page_id=2214"},"modified":"2026-09-02T06:01:21","modified_gmt":"2026-09-02T06:01:21","slug":"cold-rolled-carbon-steel-sheet","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/de\/sr-mfg-metal-materials-library\/cold-rolled-carbon-steel-sheet\/","title":{"rendered":"Cold-Rolled Carbon Steel Sheet"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-1 fusion-flex-container has-pattern-background has-mask-background fusion-parallax-none nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling fusion-custom-z-index\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-z-index:1;--awb-padding-top:80px;--awb-padding-bottom:44px;--awb-padding-top-medium:72px;--awb-margin-top:-53px;--awb-background-image:url(&quot;https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Cold-rolled-carbon-steel-sheet.webp&quot;);--awb-background-size:cover;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-justify-content-center fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"max-width:1248px;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-0 fusion_builder_column_3_5 3_5 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:60%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.2%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.2%;--awb-width-medium:60%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.2%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.2%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-1 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-one\" style=\"--awb-text-color:#040d16;--awb-font-size:64px;\"><h1 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left\" style=\"font-family:&quot;Plus Jakarta Sans&quot;;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;margin:0;letter-spacing:-0.02em;text-transform:var(--awb-typography1-text-transform);font-size:1em;line-height:1.12em;\">Cold-rolled carbon steel sheet<\/h1><\/div><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-2 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-div\" style=\"--awb-text-color:#4f5c6c;--awb-margin-bottom:32px;--awb-margin-bottom-small:32px;--awb-font-size:20px;\"><div class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left title-heading-tag\" style=\"font-family:&quot;Plus Jakarta Sans&quot;;font-style:normal;font-weight:500;margin:0;letter-spacing:0px;text-transform:capitalize;font-size:1em;line-height:1.4em;\">The Complete Guide to Cold-Rolled Carbon Steel Sheet for Sheet Metal Fabrication.<\/div><\/div><style>\n\/* =========================================\n   SR MFG Cold-Rolled Steel Highlights\n========================================= *\/\n\n.srmfg-crs-highlights {\n    width: 100%;\n    max-width: 620px;\n\n    display: grid;\n    grid-template-columns: repeat(3, minmax(0, 1fr));\n\n    gap: 26px;\n\n    box-sizing: border-box;\n}\n\n\n\/* \u5355\u9879 *\/\n.srmfg-crs-highlight {\n    min-width: 0;\n\n    display: flex;\n    align-items: center;\n\n    gap: 10px;\n}\n\n\n\/* =========================================\n   Icon\n========================================= *\/\n\n.srmfg-crs-highlight-icon {\n    width: 34px;\n    height: 34px;\n    min-width: 34px;\n\n    display: flex;\n    align-items: center;\n    justify-content: center;\n\n    color: #1680d8;\n}\n\n.srmfg-crs-highlight-icon svg {\n    width: 100%;\n    height: 100%;\n    display: block;\n}\n\n\n\/* =========================================\n   Text\n========================================= *\/\n\n.srmfg-crs-highlight-content {\n    min-width: 0;\n}\n\n.srmfg-crs-highlight-title {\n    margin: 0 0 2px;\n\n    color: #18304f;\n\n    font-size: 12px;\n    font-weight: 700;\n    line-height: 1.25;\n}\n\n.srmfg-crs-highlight-text {\n    margin: 0;\n\n    color: #526174;\n\n    font-size: 10.5px;\n    font-weight: 500;\n    line-height: 1.35;\n}\n\n\n\/* =========================================\n   Tablet\n========================================= *\/\n\n@media (max-width: 900px) {\n\n    .srmfg-crs-highlights {\n        gap: 18px;\n    }\n\n    .srmfg-crs-highlight {\n        gap: 8px;\n    }\n\n    .srmfg-crs-highlight-icon {\n        width: 31px;\n        height: 31px;\n        min-width: 31px;\n    }\n\n}\n\n\n\/* =========================================\n   Mobile\n========================================= *\/\n\n@media (max-width: 600px) {\n\n    .srmfg-crs-highlights {\n        grid-template-columns: 1fr;\n\n        gap: 13px;\n\n        max-width: 100%;\n    }\n\n    .srmfg-crs-highlight {\n        padding: 2px 0;\n    }\n\n    .srmfg-crs-highlight-title {\n        font-size: 12.5px;\n    }\n\n    .srmfg-crs-highlight-text {\n        font-size: 11px;\n    }\n\n}\n<\/style>\n\n\n<div class=\"srmfg-crs-highlights\">\n\n\n    <!-- =====================================\n         01 Smooth Surface\n    ====================================== -->\n\n    <div class=\"srmfg-crs-highlight\">\n\n        <div class=\"srmfg-crs-highlight-icon\">\n\n            <svg viewBox=\"0 0 40 40\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\n                <circle\n                    cx=\"20\"\n                    cy=\"20\"\n                    r=\"14\"\n                    fill=\"none\"\n                    stroke=\"currentColor\"\n                    stroke-width=\"1.8\"\n                \/>\n\n                <path\n                    d=\"M11 22C14 18 17 18 20 22C23 26 26 26 29 22\"\n                    fill=\"none\"\n                    stroke=\"currentColor\"\n                    stroke-width=\"1.8\"\n                    stroke-linecap=\"round\"\n                \/>\n\n                <path\n                    d=\"M13 16H17M23 14H27\"\n                    fill=\"none\"\n                    stroke=\"currentColor\"\n                    stroke-width=\"1.8\"\n                    stroke-linecap=\"round\"\n                \/>\n\n            <\/svg>\n\n        <\/div>\n\n\n        <div class=\"srmfg-crs-highlight-content\">\n\n            <div class=\"srmfg-crs-highlight-title\">\n                Smooth Surface\n            <\/div>\n\n            <p class=\"srmfg-crs-highlight-text\">\n                & Tight Tolerances\n            <\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n\n\n    <!-- =====================================\n         02 Excellent Formability\n    ====================================== -->\n\n    <div class=\"srmfg-crs-highlight\">\n\n        <div class=\"srmfg-crs-highlight-icon\">\n\n            <svg viewBox=\"0 0 40 40\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\n                <path\n                    d=\"M20 5L25 8L31 8L32 14L36 19L32 24L31 31L25 31L20 35L15 31L9 31L8 24L4 19L8 14L9 8L15 8L20 5Z\"\n                    fill=\"none\"\n                    stroke=\"currentColor\"\n                    stroke-width=\"1.7\"\n                    stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\n                \/>\n\n                <path\n                    d=\"M14 21L18 25L27 15\"\n                    fill=\"none\"\n                    stroke=\"currentColor\"\n                    stroke-width=\"2\"\n                    stroke-linecap=\"round\"\n                    stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\n                \/>\n\n            <\/svg>\n\n        <\/div>\n\n\n        <div class=\"srmfg-crs-highlight-content\">\n\n            <div class=\"srmfg-crs-highlight-title\">\n                Excellent Formability\n            <\/div>\n\n            <p class=\"srmfg-crs-highlight-text\">\n                & Weldability\n            <\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n\n\n    <!-- =====================================\n         03 Consistent Quality\n    ====================================== -->\n\n    <div class=\"srmfg-crs-highlight\">\n\n        <div class=\"srmfg-crs-highlight-icon\">\n\n            <svg viewBox=\"0 0 40 40\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\n                <path\n                    d=\"M10 30V21H15V30\n                       M18 30V15H23V30\n                       M26 30V10H31V30\"\n                    fill=\"none\"\n                    stroke=\"currentColor\"\n                    stroke-width=\"1.8\"\n                    stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\n                \/>\n\n                <path\n                    d=\"M7 31H34\"\n                    fill=\"none\"\n                    stroke=\"currentColor\"\n                    stroke-width=\"1.8\"\n                    stroke-linecap=\"round\"\n                \/>\n\n                <path\n                    d=\"M8 18L15 13L21 15L31 7\"\n                    fill=\"none\"\n                    stroke=\"currentColor\"\n                    stroke-width=\"1.8\"\n                    stroke-linecap=\"round\"\n                    stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\n                \/>\n\n                <path\n                    d=\"M27 7H31V11\"\n                    fill=\"none\"\n                    stroke=\"currentColor\"\n                    stroke-width=\"1.8\"\n                    stroke-linecap=\"round\"\n                    stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\n                \/>\n\n            <\/svg>\n\n        <\/div>\n\n\n        <div class=\"srmfg-crs-highlight-content\">\n\n            <div class=\"srmfg-crs-highlight-title\">\n                Consistent Quality\n            <\/div>\n\n            <p class=\"srmfg-crs-highlight-text\">\n                & Performance\n            <\/p>\n\n        <\/div>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-1 fusion_builder_column_1_3 1_3 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:33.333333333333%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:5.76%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:5.76%;--awb-width-medium:33.333333333333%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:5.76%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:5.76%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-2 fusion-flex-container has-pattern-background has-mask-background nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling fusion-sticky-container fusion-custom-z-index\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-z-index:8888;--awb-background-color:#f5f7f9;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" data-transition-offset=\"0\" data-scroll-offset=\"0\" data-sticky-small-visibility=\"1\" data-sticky-medium-visibility=\"1\" data-sticky-large-visibility=\"1\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"max-width:1248px;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-2 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><style>\n\/* =========================================================\n   SR MFG Cold-Rolled Steel Section Navigation\n========================================================= *\/\n\n.srmfg-crs-nav2 {\n    --nav-blue: #14294b;\n    --nav-orange: #ff5a1f;\n    --nav-border: #e4eaf0;\n\n    position: sticky;\n    top: 0;\n    z-index: 998;\n\n    width: 100%;\n\n    background: rgba(255,255,255,0.98);\n    border-bottom: 1px solid var(--nav-border);\n    box-shadow: 0 3px 12px rgba(15,40,70,0.035);\n\n    backdrop-filter: blur(8px);\n    -webkit-backdrop-filter: blur(8px);\n\n    container-name: crs-navigation;\n    container-type: inline-size;\n}\n\n.srmfg-crs-nav2 * {\n    box-sizing: border-box;\n}\n\n\n\/* =========================================================\n   Inner\n========================================================= *\/\n\n.srmfg-crs-nav2-inner {\n    width: 100%;\n    max-width: 1440px;\n    min-height: 72px;\n\n    margin: 0 auto;\n    padding: 0 26px;\n\n    display: grid;\n    grid-template-columns: minmax(0,1fr) auto;\n    align-items: center;\n\n    column-gap: 20px;\n}\n\n\n\/* =========================================================\n   Navigation\n========================================================= *\/\n\n.srmfg-crs-nav2-scroll {\n    min-width: 0;\n    overflow: hidden;\n}\n\n.srmfg-crs-nav2-links {\n    width: 100%;\n\n    display: flex;\n    align-items: center;\n\n    gap: 2px;\n}\n\n\n\/* =========================================================\n   Link\n========================================================= *\/\n\n.srmfg-crs-nav2-link {\n    position: relative;\n\n    flex: 1 1 auto;\n\n    min-width: 0;\n    min-height: 72px;\n\n    padding: 0 10px;\n\n    display: flex;\n    align-items: center;\n    justify-content: center;\n\n    color: var(--nav-blue) !important;\n\n    font-size: 13px;\n    font-weight: 600;\n    line-height: 1.25;\n\n    text-align: center;\n    text-decoration: none !important;\n\n    white-space: nowrap;\n\n    transition:\n        color .2s ease,\n        background .2s ease;\n}\n\n.srmfg-crs-nav2-link::after {\n    content: \"\";\n\n    position: absolute;\n\n    left: 12px;\n    right: 12px;\n    bottom: -1px;\n\n    height: 3px;\n\n    background: var(--nav-orange);\n\n    border-radius: 3px 3px 0 0;\n\n    transform: scaleX(0);\n    transform-origin: center;\n\n    transition: transform .22s ease;\n}\n\n.srmfg-crs-nav2-link:hover {\n    color: var(--nav-orange) !important;\n    background: #fffaf7;\n}\n\n.srmfg-crs-nav2-link:hover::after,\n.srmfg-crs-nav2-link.is-active::after {\n    transform: scaleX(1);\n}\n\n.srmfg-crs-nav2-link.is-active {\n    color: var(--nav-blue) !important;\n}\n\n\n\/* =========================================================\n   CTA\n========================================================= *\/\n\n.srmfg-crs-nav2-cta-wrap {\n    padding-left: 20px;\n\n    border-left: 1px solid #e4e9ef;\n\n    flex-shrink: 0;\n}\n\n.srmfg-crs-nav2-cta {\n    height: 42px;\n\n    padding: 0 20px;\n\n    display: inline-flex;\n    align-items: center;\n    justify-content: center;\n\n    gap: 8px;\n\n    background: var(--nav-orange);\n\n    border: 1px solid var(--nav-orange);\n    border-radius: 7px;\n\n    color: #ffffff !important;\n\n    font-size: 13px;\n    font-weight: 600;\n    line-height: 1;\n\n    text-decoration: none !important;\n\n    white-space: nowrap;\n\n    box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(255,90,31,.18);\n\n    transition:\n        background .2s ease,\n        transform .2s ease,\n        box-shadow .2s ease;\n}\n\n.srmfg-crs-nav2-cta:hover {\n    background: #e94d13;\n\n    color: #ffffff !important;\n\n    transform: translateY(-1px);\n\n    box-shadow: 0 7px 16px rgba(255,90,31,.23);\n}\n\n.srmfg-crs-nav2-arrow {\n    display: inline-block;\n\n    font-size: 15px;\n\n    transition: transform .2s ease;\n}\n\n.srmfg-crs-nav2-cta:hover .srmfg-crs-nav2-arrow {\n    transform: translateX(3px);\n}\n\n\n\/* =========================================================\n   Container Responsive\n========================================================= *\/\n\n@container crs-navigation (max-width: 1240px) {\n\n    .srmfg-crs-nav2-inner {\n        grid-template-columns: minmax(0,1fr);\n    }\n\n    .srmfg-crs-nav2-cta-wrap {\n        display: none;\n    }\n\n}\n\n\n\/* =========================================================\n   Browser Fallback\n========================================================= *\/\n\n@media (max-width: 1240px) {\n\n    .srmfg-crs-nav2-inner {\n        padding-left: 18px;\n        padding-right: 18px;\n    }\n\n    .srmfg-crs-nav2-link {\n        padding-left: 8px;\n        padding-right: 8px;\n\n        font-size: 12.5px;\n    }\n\n}\n\n\n\/* =========================================================\n   Tablet\n========================================================= *\/\n\n@media (max-width: 1024px) {\n\n    .srmfg-crs-nav2-inner {\n        display: block;\n\n        min-height: 62px;\n\n        padding: 0;\n    }\n\n    .srmfg-crs-nav2-scroll {\n        width: 100%;\n\n        overflow-x: auto;\n        overflow-y: hidden;\n\n        -webkit-overflow-scrolling: touch;\n\n        scrollbar-width: none;\n    }\n\n    .srmfg-crs-nav2-scroll::-webkit-scrollbar {\n        display: none;\n    }\n\n    .srmfg-crs-nav2-links {\n        width: max-content;\n        min-width: 100%;\n\n        padding: 0 12px;\n\n        gap: 0;\n    }\n\n    .srmfg-crs-nav2-link {\n        flex: 0 0 auto;\n\n        min-height: 62px;\n\n        padding: 0 14px;\n\n        font-size: 12.5px;\n    }\n\n    .srmfg-crs-nav2-link::after {\n        left: 14px;\n        right: 14px;\n\n        height: 2px;\n    }\n\n    .srmfg-crs-nav2-cta-wrap {\n        display: none;\n    }\n\n}\n\n\n\/* =========================================================\n   Mobile\n========================================================= *\/\n\n@media (max-width: 600px) {\n\n    .srmfg-crs-nav2-inner {\n        min-height: 56px;\n    }\n\n    .srmfg-crs-nav2-links {\n        padding: 0 7px;\n    }\n\n    .srmfg-crs-nav2-link {\n        min-height: 56px;\n\n        padding: 0 12px;\n\n        font-size: 12px;\n    }\n\n}\n\n\n\/* =========================================================\n   Dynamically detected anchor targets\n========================================================= *\/\n\n.srmfg-crs-anchor-target {\n    scroll-margin-top: 100px !important;\n}\n<\/style>\n\n\n<nav\n    class=\"srmfg-crs-nav2\"\n    aria-label=\"Cold rolled carbon steel sheet page navigation\"\n>\n\n    <div class=\"srmfg-crs-nav2-inner\">\n\n        <div class=\"srmfg-crs-nav2-scroll\">\n\n            <div class=\"srmfg-crs-nav2-links\">\n\n\n                <a\n                    href=\"#crs-overview\"\n                    class=\"srmfg-crs-nav2-link is-active\"\n                    data-heading=\"Understanding Cold-Rolled Carbon Steel Sheet: The Basics\"\n                    data-fallback-id=\"crs-overview\"\n                    aria-current=\"true\"\n                >\n                    Overview\n                <\/a>\n\n\n                <a\n                    href=\"#crs-standards\"\n                    class=\"srmfg-crs-nav2-link\"\n                    data-heading=\"Standards Framework\"\n                    data-fallback-id=\"crs-standards\"\n                >\n                    Standards & Grades\n                <\/a>\n\n\n                <a\n                    href=\"#crs-specifications\"\n                    class=\"srmfg-crs-nav2-link\"\n                    data-heading=\"Key Specifications for Cold-Rolled Carbon Steel Sheet\"\n                    data-fallback-id=\"crs-specifications\"\n                >\n                    Specifications\n                <\/a>\n\n\n                <a\n                    href=\"#crs-surface-quality\"\n                    class=\"srmfg-crs-nav2-link\"\n                    data-heading=\"Surface Quality of Cold-Rolled Carbon Steel Sheets\"\n                    data-fallback-id=\"crs-surface-quality\"\n                >\n                    Surface Quality\n                <\/a>\n\n\n                <a\n                    href=\"#crs-fabrication\"\n                    class=\"srmfg-crs-nav2-link\"\n                    data-heading=\"Compatibility with Sheet Metal Fabrication Processes\"\n                    data-fallback-id=\"crs-fabrication\"\n                >\n                    Fabrication\n                <\/a>\n\n\n                <a\n                    href=\"#crs-applications\"\n                    class=\"srmfg-crs-nav2-link\"\n                    data-heading=\"Industry Application Examples for Cold-Rolled Carbon Steel Sheet\"\n                    data-fallback-id=\"crs-applications\"\n                >\n                    Applications\n                <\/a>\n\n\n                <a\n                    href=\"#crs-cost-pricing\"\n                    class=\"srmfg-crs-nav2-link\"\n                    data-heading=\"Cost Breakdown for Cold-Rolled Carbon Steel Sheet\"\n                    data-fallback-id=\"crs-cost-pricing\"\n                >\n                    Cost & Pricing\n                <\/a>\n\n\n                <a\n                    href=\"#crs-faqs\"\n                    class=\"srmfg-crs-nav2-link\"\n                    data-heading=\"Cold-Rolled Carbon Steel Sheet FAQs\"\n                    data-fallback-id=\"crs-faqs\"\n                >\n                    FAQs\n                <\/a>\n\n\n            <\/div>\n\n        <\/div>\n\n\n        <div class=\"srmfg-crs-nav2-cta-wrap\">\n\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sr-mfg.com\/contact-us\/\" class=\"srmfg-crs-nav2-cta\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n                <span>Get a Quote<\/span>\n                <span class=\"srmfg-crs-nav2-arrow\">\u2192<\/span>\n            <\/a>\n\n        <\/div>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n<\/nav>\n\n\n<script>\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function () {\n\n    const nav = document.querySelector(\".srmfg-crs-nav2\");\n\n    if (!nav) return;\n\n\n    const links = Array.from(\n        nav.querySelectorAll(\".srmfg-crs-nav2-link\")\n    );\n\n\n    const scrollArea =\n        nav.querySelector(\".srmfg-crs-nav2-scroll\");\n\n\n    \/* =====================================================\n       Normalize heading text\n    ===================================================== *\/\n\n    function normalizeText(text) {\n\n        return String(text || \"\")\n            .replace(\/\\u00a0\/g, \" \")\n            .replace(\/\\s+\/g, \" \")\n            .trim()\n            .toLowerCase();\n\n    }\n\n\n    \/* =====================================================\n       Find actual heading on current live page\n    ===================================================== *\/\n\n    function findHeadingByText(requiredText) {\n\n        const required =\n            normalizeText(requiredText);\n\n\n        const headings = Array.from(\n            document.querySelectorAll(\"h1, h2, h3\")\n        );\n\n\n        return headings.find(function(heading) {\n\n            return normalizeText(heading.textContent) === required;\n\n        }) || null;\n\n    }\n\n\n    \/* =====================================================\n       Detect an existing useful ID\n    ===================================================== *\/\n\n    function getExistingTarget(heading) {\n\n        \/*\n           1. If the actual heading already has an ID,\n              use that exact page ID.\n        *\/\n\n        if (heading.id) {\n\n            return heading;\n\n        }\n\n\n        \/*\n           2. Look upward through Avada wrappers\/containers.\n\n              If your current section already has a manually\n              assigned CSS ID, the navigation will use it.\n        *\/\n\n        let parent = heading.parentElement;\n        let depth = 0;\n\n\n        while (\n            parent &&\n            parent !== document.body &&\n            depth < 7\n        ) {\n\n            if (\n                parent.id &&\n                !\/^main$\/i.test(parent.id) &&\n                !\/^content$\/i.test(parent.id) &&\n                !\/^wrapper$\/i.test(parent.id) &&\n                !\/^page$\/i.test(parent.id) &&\n                !\/^post-\\d+$\/i.test(parent.id)\n            ) {\n\n                return parent;\n\n            }\n\n\n            parent = parent.parentElement;\n            depth++;\n\n        }\n\n\n        return null;\n\n    }\n\n\n    \/* =====================================================\n       Build navigation from ACTUAL page sections\n    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===================================================== *\/\n\n    function updateActive() {\n\n        const navHeight =\n            nav.offsetHeight;\n\n\n        const marker =\n            window.scrollY +\n            navHeight +\n            100;\n\n\n        let current =\n            validSections[0];\n\n\n        validSections.forEach(\n            function(item) {\n\n                const sectionTop =\n                    item.target\n                        .getBoundingClientRect()\n                        .top +\n                    window.scrollY;\n\n\n                if (\n                    sectionTop <= marker\n                ) {\n\n                    current = item;\n\n                }\n\n            }\n        );\n\n\n        if (\n            current &&\n            !current.link.classList.contains(\n                \"is-active\"\n            )\n        ) {\n\n            setActive(\n                current.link\n            );\n\n        }\n\n    }\n\n\n    \/* 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style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-z-index:1;--awb-padding-top:124px;--awb-padding-bottom:144px;--awb-padding-top-medium:64px;--awb-padding-bottom-medium:96px;--awb-background-color:#f5f7f9;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-justify-content-center fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"max-width:1248px;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-3 fusion_builder_column_3_4 3_4 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:75%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:2.56%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:72px;--awb-spacing-left-large:2.56%;--awb-width-medium:75%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:2.56%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:2.56%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-3 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-center fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-two\" style=\"--awb-text-color:#040d16;--awb-font-size:35px;\" id=\"overview\"><h2 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-center\" style=\"font-family:&quot;Plus Jakarta Sans&quot;;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;margin:0;letter-spacing:-0.02em;text-transform:var(--awb-typography1-text-transform);font-size:1em;line-height:1.12em;\"><span style=\"color: #f25534;\">Understanding Cold-Rolled Carbon Steel Sheet: <\/span>The Basics<\/h2><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-4 fusion_builder_column_2_3 2_3 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:66.666666666667%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:2.88%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:2.88%;--awb-width-medium:66.666666666667%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:2.88%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:2.88%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-1\"><p data-start=\"189\" data-end=\"530\">Cold-rolled carbon steel sheet exists because manufacturers want tighter tolerances and more consistent performance. It typically starts with <a href=\"https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/sr-mfg-metal-materials-library\/hot-rolled-carbon-steel-sheet\/\">hot-rolled coil<\/a>, which is <strong data-start=\"357\" data-end=\"368\">pickled<\/strong> to remove mill scale and surface oxides, then <strong data-start=\"415\" data-end=\"431\">cold reduced<\/strong> to the target thickness, and finally <strong data-start=\"469\" data-end=\"481\">annealed<\/strong> to restore ductility and stabilize the material.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"532\" data-end=\"799\">Compared with hot-rolled steel, cold-rolled sheet delivers a noticeably smoother surface, better dimensional accuracy, more uniform thickness, and more consistent mechanical properties\u2014making it well suited for demanding processes like stamping and precision bending.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"801\" data-end=\"977\">Put simply: <strong data-start=\"813\" data-end=\"903\">hot-rolled steel is \u201crough-machined,\u201d while cold-rolled steel is \u201cprecision-finished.\u201d<\/strong> If appearance and accuracy matter, cold-rolled is usually the better fit.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-5 fusion_builder_column_1_3 1_3 fusion-flex-column fusion-flex-align-self-stretch\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:33.333333333333%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:5.76%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:5.76%;--awb-width-medium:33.333333333333%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:5.76%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:5.76%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-center fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-1 hover-type-none\" style=\"border-radius:20px;\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1448\" height=\"1086\" alt=\"Comparison of hot-rolled and cold-rolled carbon steel sheet surface finish and flatness\" title=\"Hot-Rolled vs Cold-Rolled Carbon Steel Sheet\" src=\"https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Hot-Rolled-vs-Cold-Rolled-Carbon-Steel-Sheet.webp\" class=\"img-responsive wp-image-6618\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Hot-Rolled-vs-Cold-Rolled-Carbon-Steel-Sheet-200x150.webp 200w, https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Hot-Rolled-vs-Cold-Rolled-Carbon-Steel-Sheet-300x225.webp 300w, https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Hot-Rolled-vs-Cold-Rolled-Carbon-Steel-Sheet-400x300.webp 400w, https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Hot-Rolled-vs-Cold-Rolled-Carbon-Steel-Sheet-500x375.webp 500w, https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Hot-Rolled-vs-Cold-Rolled-Carbon-Steel-Sheet-600x450.webp 600w, https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Hot-Rolled-vs-Cold-Rolled-Carbon-Steel-Sheet-700x525.webp 700w, https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Hot-Rolled-vs-Cold-Rolled-Carbon-Steel-Sheet-768x576.webp 768w, https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Hot-Rolled-vs-Cold-Rolled-Carbon-Steel-Sheet-800x600.webp 800w, https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Hot-Rolled-vs-Cold-Rolled-Carbon-Steel-Sheet-1024x768.webp 1024w, https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Hot-Rolled-vs-Cold-Rolled-Carbon-Steel-Sheet-1200x900.webp 1200w, https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Hot-Rolled-vs-Cold-Rolled-Carbon-Steel-Sheet.webp 1448w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-6 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-4 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-three\" style=\"--awb-font-size:30px;\"><h3 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left\" style=\"margin:0;font-size:1em;\">Key Characteristics of Cold-Rolled Carbon Steel Sheet<\/h3><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-7 fusion_builder_column_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-padding-top:36px;--awb-padding-right:36px;--awb-padding-bottom:36px;--awb-padding-left:36px;--awb-overflow:hidden;--awb-bg-color:#ffffff;--awb-bg-color-hover:#ffffff;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-box-shadow:0px 4px 3px -3px rgba(79,93,109,0.08);;--awb-border-color:rgba(4,13,22,0.1);--awb-border-bottom:1px;--awb-border-style:solid;--awb-border-radius:32px 32px 32px 32px;--awb-transform:translateY(0px);--awb-transform-hover:translateY(-4px);--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:0px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-medium:10px;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-5 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-four\" style=\"--awb-font-size:20px;\"><h4 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left\" style=\"margin:0;font-size:1em;\">Excellent surface quality<\/h4><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-2\"><p>Cold-rolled carbon steel sheet has a smooth, scale-free surface, with high surface finish quality (often specified around <strong data-start=\"212\" data-end=\"227\">Ra \u2264 1.6 \u03bcm<\/strong>). It provides a solid base for downstream finishing, and can be supplied in different surface conditions such as matte or bright finishes.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-8 fusion_builder_column_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-padding-top:36px;--awb-padding-right:36px;--awb-padding-bottom:36px;--awb-padding-left:36px;--awb-overflow:hidden;--awb-bg-color:#ffffff;--awb-bg-color-hover:#ffffff;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-box-shadow:0px 4px 3px -3px rgba(79,93,109,0.08);;--awb-border-color:rgba(4,13,22,0.1);--awb-border-bottom:1px;--awb-border-style:solid;--awb-border-radius:32px 32px 32px 32px;--awb-transform:translateY(0px);--awb-transform-hover:translateY(-4px);--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:0px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-medium:10px;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-6 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-four\" style=\"--awb-font-size:20px;\"><h4 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left\" style=\"margin:0;font-size:1em;\">Tight dimensional accuracy<\/h4><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-3\"><p>Cold-rolled sheet is known for consistent thickness and precise cut dimensions. Thickness tolerance can be held to about \u00b10.03 mm (depending on gauge and the agreed tolerance class), and flatness is strong\u2014often specified around \u2264 3 mm per meter for sheet flatness requirements.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-9 fusion_builder_column_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-padding-top:36px;--awb-padding-right:36px;--awb-padding-bottom:36px;--awb-padding-left:36px;--awb-overflow:hidden;--awb-bg-color:#ffffff;--awb-bg-color-hover:#ffffff;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-box-shadow:0px 4px 3px -3px rgba(79,93,109,0.08);;--awb-border-color:rgba(4,13,22,0.1);--awb-border-bottom:1px;--awb-border-style:solid;--awb-border-radius:32px 32px 32px 32px;--awb-transform:translateY(0px);--awb-transform-hover:translateY(-4px);--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:10px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:0px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-medium:10px;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-7 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-four\" style=\"--awb-font-size:20px;\"><h4 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left\" style=\"margin:0;font-size:1em;\">Strong mechanical performance<\/h4><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-4\"><p>Compared with hot-rolled material, cold-rolled steel generally delivers higher yield\/tensile strength thanks to the cold-working effect, while still maintaining good ductility.<br \/>Typical elongation for common cold-rolled grades used in forming can be ~28% and up to ~40%+, depending on the grade and condition\u2014supporting stamping, bending, and forming work.<br \/>It also welds well and is compatible with standard welding processes.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-10 fusion_builder_column_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column fusion-flex-align-self-stretch\" style=\"--awb-padding-top:36px;--awb-padding-right:36px;--awb-padding-bottom:36px;--awb-padding-left:36px;--awb-overflow:hidden;--awb-bg-color:#ffffff;--awb-bg-color-hover:#ffffff;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-box-shadow:0px 4px 3px -3px rgba(79,93,109,0.08);;--awb-border-color:rgba(4,13,22,0.1);--awb-border-bottom:1px;--awb-border-style:solid;--awb-border-radius:32px 32px 32px 32px;--awb-transform:translateY(0px);--awb-transform-hover:translateY(-4px);--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:10px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:0px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-medium:10px;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-8 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-four\" style=\"--awb-font-size:20px;\"><h4 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left\" style=\"margin:0;font-size:1em;\">Strong cost effectiveness<\/h4><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-5\"><p>Versus stainless steel or aluminum alloys, cold-rolled carbon steel typically offers a clear cost advantage and good manufacturability\u2014helping keep total fabrication cost under control. With a wide range of finishing options available, it can also meet many corrosion-protection requirements.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-4 fusion-flex-container has-pattern-background has-mask-background nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling fusion-custom-z-index\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-z-index:1;--awb-padding-bottom:96px;--awb-padding-bottom-medium:48px;--awb-background-color:#f5f7f9;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"awb-background-mask\" style=\"background-image:  url(data:image\/svg+xml;utf8,%3Csvg%20width%3D%221920%22%20height%3D%22954%22%20fill%3D%22none%22%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%3E%3Cg%20clip-path%3D%22url%28%23prefix__clip0_58_109%29%22%20fill%3D%22rgba%28255%2C255%2C255%2C1%29%22%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M1020.86%20519.766c6.47-11.566%2022.45-20.942%2035.71-20.942h375.02c30.93%200%2043.77%2021.877%2028.68%2048.863L1204.02%201006H749l271.86-486.234zM1755.66%20419.989c6.47-11.664%2022.45-21.12%2035.7-21.12h391.65c26.5%200%2037.5%2018.912%2024.57%2042.24L1923%20954h-463.62l296.28-534.011z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M1371.86%20126.941c6.47-11.565%2022.46-20.941%2035.71-20.941h376.02c30.93%200%2043.77%2021.877%2028.68%2048.863L1371%20954H914.98l456.88-827.059z%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fg%3E%3Cdefs%3E%3CclipPath%20id%3D%22prefix__clip0_58_109%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20d%3D%22M0%200h1920v954H0z%22%2F%3E%3C%2FclipPath%3E%3C%2Fdefs%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E);opacity: 1 ;mix-blend-mode:normal;\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-stretch fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"max-width:1248px;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-11 fusion-flex-column fusion-animated\" style=\"--awb-padding-top-small:48px;--awb-padding-right-small:48px;--awb-padding-bottom-small:48px;--awb-padding-left-small:48px;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:45%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:4.2666666666667%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:60px;--awb-spacing-left-large:4.2666666666667%;--awb-width-medium:45%;--awb-spacing-right-medium:10.666666666667%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:14.933333333333%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:1;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-small:0px;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\" data-animationType=\"fadeInRight\" data-animationDuration=\"1.6\" data-animationOffset=\"top-into-view\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-center fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-9 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-two\" style=\"--awb-text-color:#040d16;--awb-margin-bottom:20px;--awb-font-size:48px;\" id=\"standards-specifications\"><h2 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"font-family:&quot;Plus Jakarta Sans&quot;;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;margin:0;letter-spacing:-0.02em;text-transform:var(--awb-typography1-text-transform);font-size:1em;--fontSize:48;line-height:1.12;\">Standards Framework<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-6 fusion-text-no-margin\" style=\"--awb-font-size:15px;--awb-line-height:1.4em;--awb-letter-spacing:0.015em;--awb-text-transform:var(--awb-typography4-text-transform);--awb-text-color:rgba(4,13,22,0.8);--awb-margin-bottom:40px;--awb-text-font-family:&quot;Plus Jakarta Sans&quot;;--awb-text-font-style:normal;--awb-text-font-weight:400;\"><p>Cold-rolled carbon steel sheet is specified under different national and regional standards, each with its own grade naming system. The major systems most commonly used in global sourcing include China (GB\/T), Japan (JIS), the United States (ASTM), Europe (EN), and legacy German DIN grades. While grade names differ, they\u2019re often cross-referenced to support international procurement and technical communication.<\/p>\n<\/div><div ><a class=\"fusion-button button-flat fusion-button-default-size button-custom fusion-button-default button-1 fusion-button-default-span fusion-button-default-type\" 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Started<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-12 fusion_builder_column_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column fusion-animated\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:60px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-margin-top-small:0px;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-small:0px;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\" data-animationType=\"fadeInLeft\" data-animationDuration=\"1.6\" data-animationOffset=\"top-into-view\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-center fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-2 hover-type-none\" style=\"border-radius:20px;\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1448\" height=\"1086\" alt=\"Cold-rolled carbon steel sheet inspection with measuring tools and material quality documents\" title=\"Cold-Rolled Steel Standards and Quality Inspection\" src=\"https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Cold-Rolled-Steel-Standards-and-Quality-Inspection.webp\" class=\"img-responsive wp-image-6619\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Cold-Rolled-Steel-Standards-and-Quality-Inspection-200x150.webp 200w, https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Cold-Rolled-Steel-Standards-and-Quality-Inspection-300x225.webp 300w, https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Cold-Rolled-Steel-Standards-and-Quality-Inspection-400x300.webp 400w, https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Cold-Rolled-Steel-Standards-and-Quality-Inspection-500x375.webp 500w, https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Cold-Rolled-Steel-Standards-and-Quality-Inspection-600x450.webp 600w, https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Cold-Rolled-Steel-Standards-and-Quality-Inspection-700x525.webp 700w, https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Cold-Rolled-Steel-Standards-and-Quality-Inspection-768x576.webp 768w, https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Cold-Rolled-Steel-Standards-and-Quality-Inspection-800x600.webp 800w, https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Cold-Rolled-Steel-Standards-and-Quality-Inspection-1024x768.webp 1024w, https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Cold-Rolled-Steel-Standards-and-Quality-Inspection-1200x900.webp 1200w, https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Cold-Rolled-Steel-Standards-and-Quality-Inspection.webp 1448w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-13 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column fusion-animated\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:60px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:2;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-small:0px;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\" data-animationType=\"fadeInLeft\" data-animationDuration=\"1.6\" data-animationOffset=\"top-into-view\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-center fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-10 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-three\" style=\"--awb-font-size:30px;\"><h3 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left\" style=\"margin:0;font-size:1em;\">International Grade Cross-Reference Table<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-7\"><p>Cold-rolled carbon steel grades are named differently across standards, but the equivalency relationships are widely used as a practical reference for global sourcing and engineering discussions.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"table-1\">\n<table width=\"100%\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th align=\"left\">Application class<\/th>\n<th align=\"left\">Japan (JIS G3141)<\/th>\n<th align=\"left\">China (GB\/T)<\/th>\n<th align=\"left\">Europe (EN 10130)<\/th>\n<th align=\"left\">Germany (DIN 1623)<\/th>\n<th align=\"left\">U.S. (ASTM A1008)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Commercial quality (CQ)<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">SPCC<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">DC01 \/ Q195<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">DC01<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">St12<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">CS Type A\/B\/C<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Drawing quality (DQ)<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">SPCD<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">DC03<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">DC03<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">St13<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">DS Type A\/B<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Deep drawing quality (DDQ)<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">SPCE<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">DC04<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">DC04<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">St14<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">DDS<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Extra deep drawing quality (EDDQ)<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">SPCF<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">DC05<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">DC05<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">St15<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">EDDS<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Super extra deep drawing quality (SEDDQ)<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">SPCG<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">DC06<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">DC06<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">St16<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">EDDS<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-14 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-padding-top:20px;--awb-padding-right:20px;--awb-padding-bottom:20px;--awb-padding-left:20px;--awb-bg-color:#e7f2ff;--awb-bg-color-hover:#e7f2ff;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-border-color:var(--awb-color5);--awb-border-left:10px;--awb-border-style:solid;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:20px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-8\" style=\"--awb-font-size:15px;\"><p data-start=\"1235\" data-end=\"1246\"><strong data-start=\"1235\" data-end=\"1244\">Notes<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"1249\" data-end=\"1278\"><strong data-start=\"1249\" data-end=\"1255\">CQ<\/strong> = Commercial Quality<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1281\" data-end=\"1307\"><strong data-start=\"1281\" data-end=\"1287\">DQ<\/strong> = Drawing Quality<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1310\" data-end=\"1342\"><strong data-start=\"1310\" data-end=\"1317\">DDQ<\/strong> = Deep Drawing Quality<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1345\" data-end=\"1420\"><strong data-start=\"1345\" data-end=\"1353\">EDDQ<\/strong> = Extra Deep Drawing Quality<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-15 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-11 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-three\"><h3 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left\" style=\"margin:0;\">How to choose the right grade for sheet metal fabrication<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-12 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-four\"><h4 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left\" style=\"margin:0;\">Choose based on the forming process<\/h4><\/div>\n<div class=\"table-1\">\n<table width=\"100%\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th align=\"left\">Process<\/th>\n<th align=\"left\">Recommended grades<\/th>\n<th align=\"left\">Why it\u2019s a good fit<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Simple bending, punching<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">SPCC \/ DC01<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Cost-effective and sufficient for general forming needs.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Moderate bending, light drawing<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">SPCD \/ DC03<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Better ductility, lower risk of cracking during forming.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Deep drawing, complex forming<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">SPCE \/ DC04<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Strong deep-draw performance, typically with higher r-values for drawability.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Ultra-deep drawing, very complex parts<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">SPCG \/ DC06<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Often associated with <strong data-start=\"723\" data-end=\"749\">interstitial-free (IF)<\/strong> steel practice\u2014best-in-class formability for demanding draws.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-13 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-four\" style=\"--awb-margin-top:20px;\"><h4 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left\" style=\"margin:0;\">Choose based on the end-use application<\/h4><\/div>\n<div class=\"table-1\">\n<table width=\"100%\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th align=\"left\">Application<\/th>\n<th align=\"left\">Recommended grades<\/th>\n<th align=\"left\">Typical products<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Electrical enclosures, chassis<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">SPCC \/ <a href=\"https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/sr-mfg-metal-materials-library\/electro-galvanized-steel-sheet-eg\/\">SECC<\/a><\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">PC cases, electrical distribution boxes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Automotive outer panels (doors, hoods)<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">SPCE \/ DC04 \/ O5-grade<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Passenger-car exterior panels<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Appliance panels<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">SPCD \/ DC03<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Refrigerator door panels, washing machine panels<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Oil pans, deep-drawn components<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">SPCE \/ DC06<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Automotive oil pans, filter housings<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">General structural parts<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">SPCC<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Brackets, reinforcement plates<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">High-strength structural parts<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">HSLAS series (grade per spec)<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Automotive structural parts<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-16 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-padding-top:20px;--awb-padding-right:20px;--awb-padding-bottom:20px;--awb-padding-left:20px;--awb-bg-color:#e7f2ff;--awb-bg-color-hover:#e7f2ff;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-border-color:var(--awb-color5);--awb-border-left:10px;--awb-border-style:solid;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:20px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-9\" style=\"--awb-font-size:15px;\"><p data-start=\"1235\" data-end=\"1246\"><strong data-start=\"1566\" data-end=\"1575\">Note:<\/strong> If you\u2019re not sure which grade fits your design and forming route, <a href=\"https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/contact-us\/\">reach out to SR MFG<\/a>\u2014our engineers can help you choose the most suitable material and specification.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-5 fusion-flex-container has-pattern-background has-mask-background nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling fusion-custom-z-index\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-z-index:1;--awb-padding-top:124px;--awb-padding-bottom:72px;--awb-padding-right-medium:50px;--awb-padding-bottom-medium:72px;--awb-padding-left-medium:50px;--awb-background-color:#ffffff;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-center fusion-flex-justify-content-center fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"max-width:1248px;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-17 fusion_builder_column_3_4 3_4 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:75%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:2.56%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:72px;--awb-spacing-left-large:2.56%;--awb-width-medium:75%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:2.56%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:2.56%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-14 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-center fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-two\" style=\"--awb-text-color:#040d16;--awb-font-size:48px;\" id=\"material-properties\"><h2 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-center\" style=\"font-family:&quot;Plus Jakarta Sans&quot;;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;margin:0;letter-spacing:-0.02em;text-transform:var(--awb-typography1-text-transform);font-size:1em;line-height:1.12em;\">Key Specifications for <span style=\"color: #f25534;\">Cold-Rolled Carbon Steel Sheet<\/span><\/h2><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-18 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-15 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-three\" style=\"--awb-font-size:30px;\"><h3 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left\" style=\"margin:0;font-size:1em;\">Chemical Composition<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-10\"><p>The chemical makeup of cold-rolled carbon steel sheet has a direct impact on both mechanical properties and formability, so each grade is controlled within specified composition limits.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-16 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-three\" style=\"--awb-font-size:20px;\"><h3 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left\" style=\"margin:0;font-size:1em;\">Typical Chemical Composition Limits (by Grade)<\/h3><\/div>\n<div class=\"table-2\">\n<table width=\"100%\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th align=\"left\">Grade<\/th>\n<th align=\"left\">C (%)<\/th>\n<th align=\"left\">Mn (%)<\/th>\n<th align=\"left\">P (%)<\/th>\n<th align=\"left\">S (%)<\/th>\n<th align=\"left\">Al (%)<\/th>\n<th align=\"left\">Si (%)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">SPCC \/ DC01<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">\u22640.15<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">\u22640.60<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">\u22640.035<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">\u22640.025<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">\u22640.05<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">SPCD \/ DC03<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">\u22640.10<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">\u22640.50<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">\u22640.030<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">\u22640.025<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">\u22650.015<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">\u22640.05<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">SPCE \/ DC04<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">\u22640.08<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">\u22640.45<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">\u22640.025<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">\u22640.020<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">\u22650.015<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">\u22640.05<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">SPCF \/ DC05<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">\u22640.06<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">\u22640.45<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">\u22640.025<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">\u22640.020<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">\u22650.020<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">\u22640.05<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">SPCG \/ DC06<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">\u22640.02<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">\u22640.25<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">\u22640.020<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">\u22640.020<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">\u22640.05<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">CS Type B<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">0.02\u20130.15<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">\u22640.60<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">\u22640.030<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">\u22640.035<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">DS Type B<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">\u22640.06<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">\u22640.50<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">\u22640.030<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">\u22640.035<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">DDS<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">\u22640.06<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">\u22640.50<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">\u22640.020<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">\u22640.030<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">EDDS<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">\u22640.04<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">\u22640.40<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">\u22640.020<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">\u22640.025<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-19 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-padding-top:20px;--awb-padding-right:20px;--awb-padding-bottom:20px;--awb-padding-left:20px;--awb-bg-color:#e7f2ff;--awb-bg-color-hover:#e7f2ff;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-border-color:var(--awb-color5);--awb-border-left:10px;--awb-border-style:solid;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:20px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-11\" style=\"--awb-font-size:15px;\"><p data-start=\"997\" data-end=\"1059\"><strong>How composition affects performance (what the elements do)<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"1063\" data-end=\"1277\"><strong data-start=\"1063\" data-end=\"1078\">Carbon (C):<\/strong> Lower carbon generally improves ductility and drawability. For example, <strong data-start=\"1151\" data-end=\"1166\">SPCG (DC06)<\/strong> is often specified with very low carbon (\u22640.02%), making it well suited for ultra-deep drawing applications.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1280\" data-end=\"1381\"><strong data-start=\"1280\" data-end=\"1299\">Manganese (Mn):<\/strong> Helps increase strength and toughness, but excessive Mn can reduce formability.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1384\" data-end=\"1558\"><strong data-start=\"1384\" data-end=\"1416\">Phosphorus (P) &amp; Sulfur (S):<\/strong> Typically treated as harmful impurities\u2014the lower, the better. Higher levels can increase brittleness (cold brittleness and hot shortness).<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1561\" data-end=\"1749\"><strong data-start=\"1561\" data-end=\"1579\">Aluminum (Al):<\/strong> Commonly used as a deoxidizer to improve steel cleanliness and ductility. It can also help suppress <strong data-start=\"1680\" data-end=\"1696\">strain aging<\/strong>, reducing the risk of property shifts after forming.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-20 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-17 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-three\" style=\"--awb-font-size:30px;\"><h3 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left\" style=\"margin:0;font-size:1em;\">Mechanical Properties<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-12\"><p>Typical Mechanical Property Reference (ASTM A1008)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"table-2\">\n<table width=\"100%\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th align=\"left\">Grade<\/th>\n<th align=\"left\">Yield Strength (MPa)<\/th>\n<th align=\"left\">Tensile Strength (MPa)<\/th>\n<th align=\"left\">Elongation (%)<\/th>\n<th align=\"left\">Notes<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">CS Type B (SPCC)<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">140\u2013275<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">\u2265270<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">28\u201340<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">General-purpose; moderate strength<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">DS Type B (SPCD)<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">140\u2013240<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">\u2265270<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">30\u201342<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Drawing grade; better ductility<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">DDS (SPCE)<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">115\u2013200<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">\u2265270<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">38\u201342<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Deep drawing; higher r-value<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">EDDS (SPCG)<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">105\u2013170<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">\u2265270<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">\u226540<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Extra-deep drawing; higher n-value<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">SS Grade 36<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">\u2265250<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">360<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">20\u201328<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Structural use; higher strength<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">HSLAS Grade 50<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">\u2265345<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">\u2265450<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">\u226522<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">High-strength low-alloy steel<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-21 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-padding-top:20px;--awb-padding-right:20px;--awb-padding-bottom:20px;--awb-padding-left:20px;--awb-bg-color:#e7f2ff;--awb-bg-color-hover:#e7f2ff;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-border-color:var(--awb-color5);--awb-border-left:10px;--awb-border-style:solid;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:20px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-13\" style=\"--awb-font-size:15px;\"><p data-start=\"997\" data-end=\"1059\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.astm.org\/a1008_a1008m-24.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ASTM A1008<\/a> is a common reference for cold-rolled sheet and includes requirements related to yield strength, tensile strength, and elongation testing.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-22 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-14\"><p><strong>Elongation by Thickness (SPCC Reference)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"table-1\">\n<table width=\"100%\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th align=\"left\">Nominal thickness (mm)<\/th>\n<th align=\"left\">0.25\u20130.30<\/th>\n<th align=\"left\">0.30\u20130.40<\/th>\n<th align=\"left\">0.40\u20130.60<\/th>\n<th align=\"left\">0.60\u20131.0<\/th>\n<th align=\"left\">1.0\u20131.6<\/th>\n<th align=\"left\">\u22651.6<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Elongation (%)<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">25<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">28<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">31<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">34<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">36<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">37<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-23 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-padding-top:20px;--awb-padding-right:20px;--awb-padding-bottom:20px;--awb-padding-left:20px;--awb-bg-color:#e7f2ff;--awb-bg-color-hover:#e7f2ff;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-border-color:var(--awb-color5);--awb-border-left:10px;--awb-border-style:solid;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:20px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-15\" style=\"--awb-font-size:15px;\"><p data-start=\"1087\" data-end=\"1117\"><strong>What These Properties Mean<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"1120\" data-end=\"1270\"><strong data-start=\"1120\" data-end=\"1139\">Yield strength:<\/strong> The stress at which the material begins permanent (plastic) deformation. In general, <strong data-start=\"1225\" data-end=\"1267\">lower yield strength forms more easily<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1273\" data-end=\"1392\"><strong data-start=\"1273\" data-end=\"1294\">Tensile strength:<\/strong> The maximum stress the material can withstand before fracture\u2014an overall indicator of strength.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1395\" data-end=\"1557\"><strong data-start=\"1395\" data-end=\"1410\">Elongation:<\/strong> How much the material can stretch before breaking. Higher elongation generally means better formability; deep-drawn parts often target <strong data-start=\"1546\" data-end=\"1554\">\u226540%<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1560\" data-end=\"1787\"><strong data-start=\"1560\" data-end=\"1618\">r-value (plastic strain ratio \/ Lankford coefficient):<\/strong> A measure of through-thickness thinning resistance during forming\u2014<strong data-start=\"1685\" data-end=\"1697\">higher r<\/strong> typically indicates better deep-draw performance.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1790\" data-end=\"2012\"><strong data-start=\"1790\" data-end=\"1830\">n-value (strain hardening exponent):<\/strong> Indicates how well the material can deform uniformly\u2014<strong data-start=\"1884\" data-end=\"1896\">higher n<\/strong> generally supports better stretch formability and reduces localized thinning.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-24 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-18 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-three\" style=\"--awb-font-size:30px;\"><h3 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left\" style=\"margin:0;font-size:1em;\">Dimensional Specifications<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-19 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-four\" style=\"--awb-font-size:20px;\"><h4 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left\" style=\"margin:0;font-size:1em;\">General Size Range<\/h4><\/div>\n<div class=\"table-2\">\n<table width=\"100%\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th align=\"left\">Parameter<\/th>\n<th align=\"left\">Range<\/th>\n<th align=\"left\">Common sizes<\/th>\n<th align=\"left\">Notes<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Thickness<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">0.12\u20133.50 mm<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">0.5 \/ 0.8 \/ 1.0 \/ 1.2 \/ 1.5 \/ 2.0 mm<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Below 0.3 mm typically requires custom sourcing<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Width<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">400\u20131850 mm<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">1000 \/ 1219 \/ 1250 \/ 1500 mm<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Custom widths available per request<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Sheet length<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">1000\u20136000 mm<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">2000 \/ 2438 \/ 3000 mm<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">2438 mm = 8 ft<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Coil weight<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">3\u201320 tons<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">5\u201315 tons<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Custom coil weights available<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Coil ID<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">508 mm \/ 610 mm<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">508 mm<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Standard inner diameter<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-20 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-four\" style=\"--awb-font-size:20px;\"><h4 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left\" style=\"margin:0;font-size:1em;\"><h3 data-start=\"569\" data-end=\"603\">Thickness Selection Guidelines<\/h3><\/h4><\/div>\n<div class=\"table-1\">\n<table width=\"100%\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th align=\"left\">Application<\/th>\n<th align=\"left\">Recommended thickness (mm)<\/th>\n<th align=\"left\">Why<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Appliance housings<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">0.5\u20130.8<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Lightweight while meeting strength needs<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">PC chassis \/ enclosures<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">0.6\u20131.0<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Good balance of stiffness and cost<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Automotive door panels<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">0.7\u20130.8<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Supports deep draw requirements and surface quality<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Automotive oil pans<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">1.5\u20132.0<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Thicker wall for higher strength<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Structural parts<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">1.5\u20133.0<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Higher stiffness for load-bearing use<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-25 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-21 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-three\" style=\"--awb-font-size:30px;\"><h3 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left\" style=\"margin:0;font-size:1em;\">Dimensional Tolerances<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-22 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-four\" style=\"--awb-font-size:20px;\"><h4 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left\" style=\"margin:0;font-size:1em;\"><h3 data-start=\"1086\" data-end=\"1118\">Thickness Tolerance Standard<\/h3><\/h4><\/div>\n<div class=\"table-2\">\n<table width=\"100%\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th align=\"left\">Thickness range<\/th>\n<th align=\"left\">Standard precision (PL.A)<\/th>\n<th align=\"left\">Higher precision (PL.B)<\/th>\n<th align=\"left\">Typical use<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">0.3\u20130.4 mm<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">\u00b10.04 mm<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">\u00b10.03 mm<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Precision stamped parts<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">0.4\u20130.6 mm<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">\u00b10.05 mm<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">\u00b10.04 mm<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Appliance panels<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">0.6\u20131.0 mm<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">\u00b10.06 mm<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">\u00b10.05 mm<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">General structural parts<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">1.0\u20132.0 mm<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">\u00b10.08 mm<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">\u00b10.06 mm<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Thicker-gauge parts<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">2.0\u20133.5 mm<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">\u00b10.10 mm<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">\u00b10.08 mm<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Structural sheet<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-23 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-four\" style=\"--awb-font-size:20px;\"><h4 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left\" style=\"margin:0;font-size:1em;\"><h3 data-start=\"1527\" data-end=\"1546\">Width Tolerance<\/h3><\/h4><\/div>\n<div class=\"table-1\">\n<table width=\"100%\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th align=\"left\">Edge condition<\/th>\n<th align=\"left\">Width range<\/th>\n<th align=\"left\">Permissible deviation<\/th>\n<th align=\"left\">Notes<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Slit edge (EC)<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">&lt;1200 mm<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">0 to +3 mm<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Higher precision<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Slit edge (EC)<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">1200\u20131500 mm<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">0 to +4 mm<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Higher precision<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Slit edge (EC)<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">&gt;1500 mm<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">0 to +5 mm<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Higher precision<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Mill edge (EM)<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">730\u20131850 mm<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">0 to +8 mm<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Standard precision<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-24 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-four\" style=\"--awb-font-size:20px;\"><h4 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left\" style=\"margin:0;font-size:1em;\"><h3 data-start=\"1891\" data-end=\"1920\">Length Tolerance (Sheets)<\/h3><\/h4><\/div>\n<div class=\"table-1\">\n<table width=\"100%\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th align=\"left\">Nominal length L<\/th>\n<th align=\"left\">Standard precision (PL.A)<\/th>\n<th align=\"left\">Higher precision (PL.B)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">\u22642000 mm<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">0 to +6 mm<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">0 to +3 mm<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">&gt;2000 mm<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">0 to +0.003L<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">0 to +0.0015L<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-25 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-four\" style=\"--awb-font-size:20px;\"><h4 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left\" style=\"margin:0;font-size:1em;\"><h3 data-start=\"2097\" data-end=\"2121\">Flatness Requirement<\/h3><\/h4><\/div>\n<div class=\"table-1\">\n<table width=\"100%\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th align=\"left\">Flatness class<\/th>\n<th align=\"left\">Flatness per meter<\/th>\n<th align=\"left\">Typical use<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Standard (PF.A)<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">\u22645 mm\/m<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">General structural parts<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Higher precision (PF.B)<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">\u22643 mm\/m<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Appliance housings, automotive parts<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-26 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-26 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-three\" style=\"--awb-font-size:30px;\"><h3 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left\" style=\"margin:0;font-size:1em;\">Hardness Grades<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-16\"><p>Cold-rolled carbon steel sheet is commonly supplied in different <strong data-start=\"85\" data-end=\"117\">temper (hardness) conditions<\/strong> depending on the annealing and temper-rolling route.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"table-2\">\n<table width=\"100%\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th align=\"left\">Temper grade<\/th>\n<th align=\"left\">HRB<\/th>\n<th align=\"left\">HV<\/th>\n<th align=\"left\">Characteristics<\/th>\n<th align=\"left\">Typical applications<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">1\/8 Hard (8)<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">50\u201371<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">95\u2013130<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Relatively soft; suitable for light forming<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Simple bent parts<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">1\/4 Hard (4)<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">65\u201380<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">115\u2013150<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Medium hardness with decent formability<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">General stamped parts<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">1\/2 Hard (2)<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">74\u201389<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">135\u2013185<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Harder with higher strength<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Structural parts<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Hard (1)<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">\u226585<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">\u2265170<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">High hardness; limited formability<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">High-strength structural parts<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Annealed (S)<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">85\u2013110<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Soft condition; best ductility<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Deep-drawn parts<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Full Hard (FH)<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">HRB \u2265 90<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">HV \u2265 185<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Full hard; typically requires re-annealing for forming<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Used for further rolling \/ as a substrate (e.g., for coated products)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-27 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-padding-top:20px;--awb-padding-right:20px;--awb-padding-bottom:20px;--awb-padding-left:20px;--awb-bg-color:#e7f2ff;--awb-bg-color-hover:#e7f2ff;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-border-color:var(--awb-color5);--awb-border-left:10px;--awb-border-style:solid;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:20px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-17\" style=\"--awb-font-size:15px;\"><p data-start=\"963\" data-end=\"998\">How to choose a hardness\/temper<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"1001\" data-end=\"1098\">For <strong data-start=\"1005\" data-end=\"1021\">deep drawing<\/strong>, use the <strong data-start=\"1031\" data-end=\"1047\">Annealed (S)<\/strong> condition.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1101\" data-end=\"1208\">For <strong data-start=\"1105\" data-end=\"1125\">general stamping<\/strong>, <strong data-start=\"1127\" data-end=\"1139\">1\/4 Hard<\/strong> is often a practical choice.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1211\" data-end=\"1338\">For <strong data-start=\"1215\" data-end=\"1235\">structural parts<\/strong>, consider <strong data-start=\"1246\" data-end=\"1258\">1\/2 Hard<\/strong> or <strong data-start=\"1262\" data-end=\"1270\">Hard<\/strong> depending on forming needs.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1341\" data-end=\"1523\"><strong data-start=\"1341\" data-end=\"1354\">Full Hard<\/strong> material is typically selected as a base for downstream processing (and is generally not intended for forming unless re-annealed).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-6 fusion-flex-container has-pattern-background has-mask-background nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling fusion-custom-z-index\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-z-index:1;--awb-padding-top:96px;--awb-padding-bottom:96px;--awb-padding-top-medium:72px;--awb-padding-right-medium:30px;--awb-padding-bottom-medium:72px;--awb-padding-left-medium:30px;--awb-padding-bottom-small:72px;--awb-background-color:#ffffff;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-stretch fusion-flex-justify-content-center fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"max-width:1248px;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-28 fusion_builder_column_3_4 3_4 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:75%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:2.56%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:72px;--awb-spacing-left-large:2.56%;--awb-width-medium:75%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:2.56%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:2.56%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-27 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-center fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-two\" style=\"--awb-text-color:#040d16;--awb-font-size:48px;\" id=\"surface-quality\"><h2 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-center\" style=\"font-family:&quot;Plus Jakarta Sans&quot;;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;margin:0;letter-spacing:-0.02em;text-transform:var(--awb-typography1-text-transform);font-size:1em;line-height:1.12em;\">Surface Quality of<span style=\"color: #f25534;\"> Cold-Rolled Carbon Steel Sheets<\/span><\/h2><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-29 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-28 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-three\" style=\"--awb-font-size:30px;\"><h3 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left\" style=\"margin:0;font-size:1em;\">Surface Finish Classification<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-18\"><p>Cold-rolled carbon steel sheets are typically classified into three finish levels based on surface quality requirements:<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"table-2\">\n<table width=\"100%\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th align=\"left\">Designation<\/th>\n<th align=\"left\">Finish Level<\/th>\n<th align=\"left\">Description<\/th>\n<th align=\"left\">Typical Applications<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">FB \/ O3<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Commercial Finish<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Minor surface imperfections are permitted, provided they do not affect formability or coating adhesion. These may include light scratches, roll marks, shallow dents, minor pitting, or slight discoloration.<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">General structural components, internal parts, equipment frames<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">FC \/ O4<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Drawing Quality Finish<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Of the two surfaces, the better side must be free of visible defects to the naked eye. The reverse side must at least meet FB requirements.<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Appliance housings, automotive interior panels, enclosure exteriors<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">FD \/ O5<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Exposed Quality Finish<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Of the two surfaces, the better side must be completely free of defects that could affect the appearance after painting or electroplating. The reverse side must at least meet FB requirements.<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Automotive exterior panels (doors, hoods, trunk lids), high-end appliance panels<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-30 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-padding-top:20px;--awb-padding-right:20px;--awb-padding-bottom:20px;--awb-padding-left:20px;--awb-bg-color:#e7f2ff;--awb-bg-color-hover:#e7f2ff;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-border-color:var(--awb-color5);--awb-border-left:10px;--awb-border-style:solid;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:20px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-19\" style=\"--awb-font-size:15px;\"><p data-start=\"1178\" data-end=\"1212\"><strong data-start=\"1178\" data-end=\"1210\">Finish Selection Guidelines:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"1216\" data-end=\"1412\"><strong data-start=\"1216\" data-end=\"1228\">O3 (FB):<\/strong> Suitable for structural components, internal equipment parts, or parts that will undergo powder coating or painting in subsequent processes where surface appearance is not critical.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1415\" data-end=\"1573\"><strong data-start=\"1415\" data-end=\"1427\">O4 (FC):<\/strong> Recommended for parts with moderate appearance requirements, such as appliance casings, automotive interior trim, and visible cabinet surfaces.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1576\" data-end=\"1827\"><strong data-start=\"1576\" data-end=\"1588\">O5 (FD):<\/strong> Required for automotive exterior panels with high appearance standards. In China, only a limited number of steel mills can consistently produce stable O5-grade material, including Shougang Cold Rolling, HBIS Handan, and Shougang Jingtang.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-31 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-29 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-three\" style=\"--awb-font-size:30px;\"><h3 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left\" style=\"margin:0;font-size:1em;\">Surface Condition<\/h3><\/div>\n<div class=\"table-2\">\n<table width=\"100%\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th align=\"left\">Code<\/th>\n<th align=\"left\">Surface Type<\/th>\n<th align=\"left\">Roll Treatment<\/th>\n<th align=\"left\">Appearance<\/th>\n<th align=\"left\">Typical Applications<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">D<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Matte Finish<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Shot-blasted rolls<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Uniform, fine-textured matte surface<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Appliance panels, automotive outer panels<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">B<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Bright Finish<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Ground and polished rolls<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Smooth, bright surface with high reflectivity<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Precision components, electroplating substrates<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Standard Finish<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Standard rolls<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Conventional mill finish<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">General-purpose applications<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-32 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-padding-top:20px;--awb-padding-right:20px;--awb-padding-bottom:20px;--awb-padding-left:20px;--awb-bg-color:#e7f2ff;--awb-bg-color-hover:#e7f2ff;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-border-color:var(--awb-color5);--awb-border-left:10px;--awb-border-style:solid;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:20px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-20\" style=\"--awb-font-size:15px;\"><p data-start=\"2395\" data-end=\"2518\"><strong data-start=\"2395\" data-end=\"2431\">Recommended Surface Combinations<\/strong> (for reference; final selection should be based on actual application requirements):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"2522\" data-end=\"2577\">Appliance exterior parts: <strong data-start=\"2548\" data-end=\"2575\">D surface + FC\/FD grade<\/strong><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2580\" data-end=\"2631\">Automotive outer panels: <strong data-start=\"2605\" data-end=\"2629\">D surface + FD grade<\/strong><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2634\" data-end=\"2693\">General structural parts: <strong data-start=\"2660\" data-end=\"2691\">Standard surface + FB grade<\/strong><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2696\" data-end=\"2746\">Electroplating substrate: <strong data-start=\"2722\" data-end=\"2746\">B surface + FC grade<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-33 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-30 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-three\" style=\"--awb-font-size:30px;\"><h3 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left\" style=\"margin:0;font-size:1em;\">Surface Roughness<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-21\"><p>Surface roughness is a critical parameter in evaluating sheet metal surface quality, as it directly affects subsequent surface treatment performance.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"table-2\">\n<table width=\"100%\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th align=\"left\">Application<\/th>\n<th align=\"left\">Recommended Ra<\/th>\n<th align=\"left\">Inspection Method<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Cold-rolled substrate<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">\u2264 1.6 \u03bcm<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Surface roughness tester<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Deep drawing grade (DC04 and above)<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">\u2264 0.8 \u03bcm<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Surface roughness tester<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">O5 automotive panels<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">\u2264 0.6 \u03bcm<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Surface roughness tester<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Laser-cut edge<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">\u2264 12.5 \u03bcm<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Surface roughness tester<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Bent surface<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">\u2264 6.3 \u03bcm<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Surface roughness tester<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-34 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-padding-top:20px;--awb-padding-right:20px;--awb-padding-bottom:20px;--awb-padding-left:20px;--awb-bg-color:#e7f2ff;--awb-bg-color-hover:#e7f2ff;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-border-color:var(--awb-color5);--awb-border-left:10px;--awb-border-style:solid;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:20px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-22\" style=\"--awb-font-size:15px;\"><p data-start=\"3361\" data-end=\"3428\"><strong>Impact of Improper Surface Roughness on Subsequent Processing<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"3432\" data-end=\"3546\"><strong data-start=\"3432\" data-end=\"3456\">Excessive roughness:<\/strong> May cause orange peel or sagging during powder coating and can reduce plating adhesion.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3549\" data-end=\"3635\"><strong data-start=\"3549\" data-end=\"3576\">Insufficient roughness:<\/strong> Can lead to poor coating adhesion and potential peeling.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3638\" data-end=\"3741\"><strong data-start=\"3638\" data-end=\"3664\">Rough laser-cut edges:<\/strong> May negatively affect appearance and create localized stress concentrations.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-35 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-31 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-three\" style=\"--awb-font-size:30px;\"><h3 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left\" style=\"margin:0;font-size:1em;\">Surface Defect Control<\/h3><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-36 fusion_builder_column_1_3 1_3 fusion-flex-column fusion-animated\" style=\"--awb-padding-top:40px;--awb-padding-right:40px;--awb-padding-bottom:40px;--awb-padding-left:40px;--awb-overflow:hidden;--awb-bg-color:#f5f7f9;--awb-bg-color-hover:#f5f7f9;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-border-radius:16px 16px 16px 16px;--awb-width-large:33.333333333333%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:5.76%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:5.76%;--awb-width-medium:33.333333333333%;--awb-spacing-right-medium:5.76%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:5.76%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\" data-animationType=\"fadeIn\" data-animationDuration=\"0.8\" data-animationOffset=\"top-into-view\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-center fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-max-width:195px;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-3 hover-type-none\" style=\"border-radius:50px;\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1448\" height=\"1086\" alt=\"Cold-rolled carbon steel sheet showing minor scratches, indentations and light surface imperfections\" title=\"Permissible Surface Defects on Cold-Rolled Steel\" src=\"https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Permissible-Surface-Defects-on-Cold-Rolled-Steel.webp\" class=\"img-responsive wp-image-6620\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Permissible-Surface-Defects-on-Cold-Rolled-Steel-200x150.webp 200w, https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Permissible-Surface-Defects-on-Cold-Rolled-Steel-300x225.webp 300w, https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Permissible-Surface-Defects-on-Cold-Rolled-Steel-400x300.webp 400w, https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Permissible-Surface-Defects-on-Cold-Rolled-Steel-500x375.webp 500w, https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Permissible-Surface-Defects-on-Cold-Rolled-Steel-600x450.webp 600w, https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Permissible-Surface-Defects-on-Cold-Rolled-Steel-700x525.webp 700w, https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Permissible-Surface-Defects-on-Cold-Rolled-Steel-768x576.webp 768w, https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Permissible-Surface-Defects-on-Cold-Rolled-Steel-800x600.webp 800w, https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Permissible-Surface-Defects-on-Cold-Rolled-Steel-1024x768.webp 1024w, https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Permissible-Surface-Defects-on-Cold-Rolled-Steel-1200x900.webp 1200w, https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Permissible-Surface-Defects-on-Cold-Rolled-Steel.webp 1448w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom:6%;width:100%;\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-23 fusion-text-no-margin\" style=\"--awb-content-alignment:center;--awb-font-size:18px;--awb-line-height:1.7em;--awb-letter-spacing:0.015em;--awb-text-transform:var(--awb-typography4-text-transform);--awb-text-color:#4f5c6c;--awb-margin-bottom:30px;--awb-text-font-family:&quot;Plus Jakarta Sans&quot;;--awb-text-font-style:normal;--awb-text-font-weight:400;\"><p>Permissible Surface Defects (FB Grade)<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-24\" style=\"--awb-content-alignment:left;--awb-font-size:14px;--awb-line-height:1.3em;--awb-letter-spacing:0.02em;--awb-text-transform:var(--awb-typography5-text-transform);--awb-text-color:#3c4451;--awb-text-font-family:&quot;Plus Jakarta Sans&quot;;--awb-text-font-style:normal;--awb-text-font-weight:500;\"><p>Minor scratches: Depth \u2264 0.02 mm, not concentrated<br \/>Minor indentations: Diameter \u2264 2 mm, randomly dispersed<br \/>Light pitting: Not dense, no impact on visual appearance<br \/>Minor roll marks: Width \u2264 1 mm, non-continuous<br \/>Slight oxidation discoloration: Light and removable<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-37 fusion_builder_column_1_3 1_3 fusion-flex-column fusion-flex-align-self-stretch fusion-animated\" style=\"--awb-padding-top:40px;--awb-padding-right:40px;--awb-padding-bottom:40px;--awb-padding-left:40px;--awb-overflow:hidden;--awb-bg-color:#f5f7f9;--awb-bg-color-hover:#f5f7f9;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-border-radius:16px 16px 16px 16px;--awb-width-large:33.333333333333%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:5.76%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:5.76%;--awb-width-medium:33.333333333333%;--awb-spacing-right-medium:5.76%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:5.76%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\" data-animationType=\"fadeIn\" data-animationDuration=\"0.8\" data-animationOffset=\"top-into-view\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-max-width:195px;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-4 hover-type-none\" style=\"border-radius:50px;\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1448\" height=\"1086\" alt=\"Cold-rolled carbon steel sheet showing deep scratches, dents, edge burrs and rust defects\" title=\"Non-Permissible Surface Defects on Cold-Rolled Steel\" src=\"https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Non-Permissible-Surface-Defects-on-Cold-Rolled-Steel.webp\" class=\"img-responsive wp-image-6621\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Non-Permissible-Surface-Defects-on-Cold-Rolled-Steel-200x150.webp 200w, https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Non-Permissible-Surface-Defects-on-Cold-Rolled-Steel-300x225.webp 300w, https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Non-Permissible-Surface-Defects-on-Cold-Rolled-Steel-400x300.webp 400w, https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Non-Permissible-Surface-Defects-on-Cold-Rolled-Steel-500x375.webp 500w, https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Non-Permissible-Surface-Defects-on-Cold-Rolled-Steel-600x450.webp 600w, https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Non-Permissible-Surface-Defects-on-Cold-Rolled-Steel-700x525.webp 700w, https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Non-Permissible-Surface-Defects-on-Cold-Rolled-Steel-768x576.webp 768w, https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Non-Permissible-Surface-Defects-on-Cold-Rolled-Steel-800x600.webp 800w, https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Non-Permissible-Surface-Defects-on-Cold-Rolled-Steel-1024x768.webp 1024w, https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Non-Permissible-Surface-Defects-on-Cold-Rolled-Steel-1200x900.webp 1200w, https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Non-Permissible-Surface-Defects-on-Cold-Rolled-Steel.webp 1448w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom:6%;width:100%;\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-25 fusion-text-no-margin\" style=\"--awb-content-alignment:center;--awb-font-size:18px;--awb-line-height:1.7em;--awb-letter-spacing:0.015em;--awb-text-transform:var(--awb-typography4-text-transform);--awb-text-color:#4f5c6c;--awb-margin-bottom:30px;--awb-text-font-family:&quot;Plus Jakarta Sans&quot;;--awb-text-font-style:normal;--awb-text-font-weight:400;\"><p>Non-Permissible Surface Defects<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-26\" style=\"--awb-content-alignment:left;--awb-font-size:14px;--awb-line-height:1.3em;--awb-letter-spacing:0.02em;--awb-text-transform:var(--awb-typography5-text-transform);--awb-text-color:#3c4451;--awb-text-font-family:&quot;Plus Jakarta Sans&quot;;--awb-text-font-style:normal;--awb-text-font-weight:500;\"><p>Cracks: Not permitted at any length<br \/>Deep scratches: Depth &gt; 0.02 mm<br \/>Severe dents: Depth &gt; 0.1 mm<br \/>Edge burrs: Height &gt; 0.1 mm<br \/>Rust spots or scale: Not permitted under any circumstances<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-38 fusion_builder_column_1_3 1_3 fusion-flex-column fusion-animated\" style=\"--awb-padding-top:40px;--awb-padding-right:40px;--awb-padding-bottom:40px;--awb-padding-left:40px;--awb-overflow:hidden;--awb-bg-color:#f5f7f9;--awb-bg-color-hover:#f5f7f9;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-border-radius:16px 16px 16px 16px;--awb-width-large:33.333333333333%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:5.76%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:5.76%;--awb-width-medium:33.333333333333%;--awb-spacing-right-medium:5.76%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:5.76%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\" data-animationType=\"fadeIn\" data-animationDuration=\"0.8\" data-animationOffset=\"top-into-view\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-max-width:195px;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-5 hover-type-none\" style=\"border-radius:50px;\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1448\" height=\"1086\" alt=\"Cold-rolled carbon steel sheet inspected under angled lighting for scratches and surface defects\" title=\"Cold-Rolled Steel Surface Defect Inspection\" src=\"https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Cold-Rolled-Steel-Surface-Defect-Inspection.webp\" class=\"img-responsive wp-image-6622\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Cold-Rolled-Steel-Surface-Defect-Inspection-200x150.webp 200w, https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Cold-Rolled-Steel-Surface-Defect-Inspection-300x225.webp 300w, https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Cold-Rolled-Steel-Surface-Defect-Inspection-400x300.webp 400w, https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Cold-Rolled-Steel-Surface-Defect-Inspection-500x375.webp 500w, https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Cold-Rolled-Steel-Surface-Defect-Inspection-600x450.webp 600w, https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Cold-Rolled-Steel-Surface-Defect-Inspection-700x525.webp 700w, https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Cold-Rolled-Steel-Surface-Defect-Inspection-768x576.webp 768w, https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Cold-Rolled-Steel-Surface-Defect-Inspection-800x600.webp 800w, https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Cold-Rolled-Steel-Surface-Defect-Inspection-1024x768.webp 1024w, https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Cold-Rolled-Steel-Surface-Defect-Inspection-1200x900.webp 1200w, https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Cold-Rolled-Steel-Surface-Defect-Inspection.webp 1448w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom:6%;width:100%;\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-27 fusion-text-no-margin\" style=\"--awb-content-alignment:center;--awb-font-size:18px;--awb-line-height:1.7em;--awb-letter-spacing:0.015em;--awb-text-transform:var(--awb-typography4-text-transform);--awb-text-color:#4f5c6c;--awb-margin-bottom:30px;--awb-text-font-family:&quot;Plus Jakarta Sans&quot;;--awb-text-font-style:normal;--awb-text-font-weight:400;\"><p>Surface Defect Inspection Methods<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-28\" style=\"--awb-content-alignment:left;--awb-font-size:14px;--awb-line-height:1.3em;--awb-letter-spacing:0.02em;--awb-text-transform:var(--awb-typography5-text-transform);--awb-text-color:#3c4451;--awb-text-font-family:&quot;Plus Jakarta Sans&quot;;--awb-text-font-style:normal;--awb-text-font-weight:500;\"><p>Visual inspection: 100% appearance check<br \/>Tactile inspection: Manual check to detect scratches and indentations<br \/>Angled lighting inspection: Observation under 45\u00b0 lighting to reveal surface defects<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-7 fusion-flex-container has-pattern-background has-mask-background nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling fusion-custom-z-index\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-z-index:1;--awb-padding-top:48px;--awb-padding-bottom:124px;--awb-padding-right-medium:30px;--awb-padding-left-medium:30px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"max-width:1248px;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-39 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-padding-top:72px;--awb-padding-right:72px;--awb-padding-left:72px;--awb-overflow:hidden;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-border-radius:24px 24px 24px 24px;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:0%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:0px;--awb-spacing-left-large:0%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:0%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:0%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-32 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-center fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-two\" style=\"--awb-text-color:var(--awb-color8);--awb-font-size:48px;\" id=\"process-compatibility\"><h2 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-center\" style=\"font-family:&quot;Plus Jakarta Sans&quot;;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;margin:0;letter-spacing:-0.02em;text-transform:var(--awb-typography1-text-transform);font-size:1em;line-height:1.12em;\">Compatibility with <span style=\"color: #f25534;\">Sheet Metal Fabrication<\/span> Processes<\/h2><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-40 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-33 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-three\" style=\"--awb-font-size:30px;\"><h3 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left\" style=\"margin:0;font-size:1em;\">Forming Processes<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-29\"><p>Cold-rolled carbon steel offers excellent formability, making it suitable for components with varying levels of geometric complexity.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-34 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-four\" style=\"--awb-font-size:20px;\"><h4 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left\" style=\"margin:0;font-size:1em;\">Bending<\/h4><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-30\"><p><a href=\"https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/custom-sheet-metal-fabrication-for-global-oems\/metal-bending-services\/\">Bending<\/a> is one of the most widely used sheet metal operations, and cold-rolled steel performs reliably in press brake forming.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"table-2\">\n<table width=\"100%\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th align=\"left\">Parameter<\/th>\n<th align=\"left\">Recommended Value<\/th>\n<th align=\"left\">Notes<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Minimum bend radius<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">\u2265 1.0t (t = sheet thickness)<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Too small a radius can cause cracking.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Minimum flange length<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">\u2265 1.5t + bend radius<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">If the flange is too short, clamping becomes difficult and bending may fail.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Springback compensation<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">1\u20133\u00b0<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Adjust based on material grade and bend angle.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">V-die opening (V-width)<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">6\u201310 \u00d7 sheet thickness<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Select die size based on sheet thickness.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-35 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-four\" style=\"--awb-font-size:20px;\"><h4 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left\" style=\"margin:0;font-size:1em;\"><h4 data-start=\"816\" data-end=\"831\">Stamping<\/h4><\/h4><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-31\"><p>Cold-rolled steel sheet is one of the most suitable materials for <a href=\"https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/custom-sheet-metal-fabrication-for-global-oems\/metal-stamping-services\/\">stamping<\/a>. Select the appropriate grade based on product complexity, then apply the required stamping operations.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"table-1\">\n<table width=\"100%\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th align=\"left\">Stamping Type<\/th>\n<th align=\"left\">Recommended Grade<\/th>\n<th align=\"left\">Key Parameters<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Simple blanking<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">SPCC \/ DC01<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Blanking clearance: 0.05\u20130.08t<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">General forming<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">SPCD \/ DC03<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Draw ratio \u2265 0.7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Deep drawing<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">SPCE \/ DC04<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Draw ratio \u2265 0.6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Extra-deep drawing<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">SPCG \/ DC06<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Draw ratio \u2265 0.55<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-41 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-36 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-three\" style=\"--awb-font-size:30px;\"><h3 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left\" style=\"margin:0;font-size:1em;\">Welding Processes<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-32\"><p>Cold-rolled carbon steel sheet offers good weldability and supports a variety of welding methods, as shown below.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"table-2\">\n<table width=\"100%\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th align=\"left\">Welding Method<\/th>\n<th align=\"left\">Suitability<\/th>\n<th align=\"left\">Weld Quality<\/th>\n<th align=\"left\">Typical Applications<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">GTAW (TIG)<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Very good<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Clean, attractive welds; minimal distortion<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Precision parts, appearance-critical parts<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">CO\u2082 shielded welding<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Good<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">High efficiency, low cost<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Structural parts, mass production<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Spot welding<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Good<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Ideal for lap joints on thin sheet<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Automotive bodies, home appliances<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Laser welding<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Excellent<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">High precision, small heat-affected zone<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Precision components<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">MIG welding<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Very good<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">High welding speed<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Medium-thickness sheet<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-42 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-37 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-three\" style=\"--awb-font-size:30px;\"><h3 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left\" style=\"margin:0;font-size:1em;\">Common Welding Issues and Fixes<\/h3><\/div>\n<div class=\"table-2\">\n<table width=\"100%\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th align=\"left\">Issue<\/th>\n<th align=\"left\">Cause<\/th>\n<th align=\"left\">Solution<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Porosity<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Insufficient shielding gas flow; oil\/contamination on surface<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Increase shielding gas flow; clean the joint area<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Undercut<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Current too high; travel speed too fast<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Reduce current; slow down travel speed<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Hot cracking<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Carbon content too high; cooling too fast<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Use low-carbon steel; control the cooling rate<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Excessive distortion<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Poor weld sequence; too much heat input<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Optimize weld sequence; use skip\/segment welding<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-43 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-38 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-three\" style=\"--awb-font-size:30px;\"><h3 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left\" style=\"margin:0;font-size:1em;\">Surface Finishing Processes<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-33\"><p>Cold-rolled carbon steel sheet does have a downside: its corrosion resistance isn\u2019t very strong. In most cases, a surface treatment is needed to extend service life.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-39 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-four\" style=\"--awb-font-size:20px;\"><h4 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left\" style=\"margin:0;font-size:1em;\">Phosphate Coating<\/h4><\/div>\n<div class=\"table-2\">\n<table width=\"100%\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th align=\"left\">Parameter<\/th>\n<th align=\"left\">Requirement<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Coating thickness<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">2\u20135 \u03bcm<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Appearance<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Uniform gray film<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Adhesion<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Cross-hatch test: Class 1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Corrosion resistance<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Neutral salt spray \u2265 24 hours<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-40 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-four\" style=\"--awb-margin-top:20px;--awb-font-size:20px;\"><h4 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left\" style=\"margin:0;font-size:1em;\">Electrostatic Powder Coating<\/h4><\/div>\n<div class=\"table-1\">\n<table width=\"100%\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th align=\"left\">Parameter<\/th>\n<th align=\"left\">Requirement<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Coating thickness<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">60\u2013120 \u03bcm<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Appearance<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">No runs\/sags, no pinholes, no orange peel<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Hardness<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">HV \u2265 400<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Corrosion resistance<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Neutral salt spray \u2265 72 hours<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Adhesion<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Cross-hatch test: Class 1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-41 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-four\" style=\"--awb-margin-top:20px;--awb-font-size:20px;\"><h4 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left\" style=\"margin:0;font-size:1em;\">E-Coating (Electrophoretic Deposition)<\/h4><\/div>\n<div class=\"table-1\">\n<table width=\"100%\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th align=\"left\">Parameter<\/th>\n<th align=\"left\">Requirement<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Coating thickness<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">15\u201330 \u03bcm<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Appearance<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Uniform and smooth<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Hardness<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Better than powder coating<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Corrosion resistance<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Neutral salt spray \u2265 240 hours<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-42 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-four\" style=\"--awb-margin-top:20px;--awb-font-size:20px;\"><h4 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left\" style=\"margin:0;font-size:1em;\">Electro-Galvanizing<\/h4><\/div>\n<div class=\"table-1\">\n<table width=\"100%\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th align=\"left\">Parameter<\/th>\n<th align=\"left\">Requirement<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Coating thickness<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">5\u201310 \u03bcm<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Appearance<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Uniform silver-gray finish<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Corrosion resistance<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Neutral salt spray \u2265 48 hours<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Electrical conductivity<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Excellent<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-43 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-four\" style=\"--awb-margin-top:20px;--awb-font-size:20px;\"><h4 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left\" style=\"margin:0;font-size:1em;\">Hot-Dip Galvanizing (SGCC)<\/h4><\/div>\n<div class=\"table-1\">\n<table width=\"100%\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th align=\"left\">Parameter<\/th>\n<th align=\"left\">Requirement<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Coating thickness<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">8\u201315 \u03bcm<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Appearance<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Spangle pattern or bright silver finish<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Corrosion resistance<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Neutral salt spray \u2265 96 hours<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-44 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-four\" style=\"--awb-margin-top:20px;--awb-font-size:20px;\"><h4 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left\" style=\"margin:0;font-size:1em;\">Quick Guide for Choosing a Surface Finish<\/h4><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\" scopped=\"scopped\">.fusion-syntax-highlighter-1 > .CodeMirror, .fusion-syntax-highlighter-1 > .CodeMirror .CodeMirror-gutters {background-color:var(--awb-color1);}.fusion-syntax-highlighter-1 > .CodeMirror .CodeMirror-gutters { background-color: var(--awb-color2); }.fusion-syntax-highlighter-1 > .CodeMirror .CodeMirror-linenumber { color: var(--awb-color8); }<\/style><div class=\"fusion-syntax-highlighter-container fusion-syntax-highlighter-1 fusion-syntax-highlighter-theme-light\" style=\"opacity:0;margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;font-size:14px;border-width:1px;border-style:solid;border-color:var(--awb-color3);\"><label for=\"fusion_syntax_highlighter_1\" class=\"screen-reader-text\">Syntax Highlighter<\/label><textarea class=\"fusion-syntax-highlighter-textarea\" id=\"fusion_syntax_highlighter_1\" data-readOnly=\"nocursor\" data-lineNumbers=\"1\" data-lineWrapping=\"\" data-theme=\"default\">1. Based on Service Environment\n   \u251c\u2500 Dry indoor use \u2192 SPCC + powder coating\n   \u251c\u2500 Humid \/ moderate corrosion \u2192 SECC \/ SGCC + powder coating\n   \u251c\u2500 Severe corrosion \/ outdoor use \u2192 SGCC + heavy-duty powder coating \/ SUS304\n   \u2514\u2500 Precision parts that need conductivity \u2192 electro-galvanizing\n2. Based on Appearance Requirements\n   \u251c\u2500 No appearance requirements \u2192 phosphate coating\n   \u251c\u2500 Standard appearance \u2192 powder coating\n   \u251c\u2500 Premium appearance \u2192 e-coating \/ powder coating\n   \u2514\u2500 Metallic look \u2192 electro-galvanizing \/ stainless steel\n3. Cost Comparison (Overall Estimate)\n   \u251c\u2500 SPCC + powder coating (baseline)\n   \u251c\u2500 SECC + powder coating (\u2248 +30%)\n   \u251c\u2500 SGCC + powder coating (\u2248 +40%)\n   \u2514\u2500 SUS304 (\u2248 +200% to +300%)<\/textarea><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-8 fusion-flex-container has-pattern-background has-mask-background nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling fusion-custom-z-index\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-z-index:1;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"max-width:1248px;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-44 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-45 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-center fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-two\" id=\"industry-applications\"><h2 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-center\" style=\"margin:0;\">Industry Application Examples for Cold-Rolled Carbon Steel Sheet<\/h2><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-45 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-46 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-three\" style=\"--awb-font-size:30px;\"><h3 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left\" style=\"margin:0;font-size:1em;\">Home Appliance Industry<\/h3><\/div>\n<div class=\"table-2\">\n<table width=\"100%\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th align=\"left\">Product<\/th>\n<th align=\"left\">Recommended Material<\/th>\n<th align=\"left\">Thickness Range<\/th>\n<th align=\"left\">Surface Finish<\/th>\n<th align=\"left\">Key Requirements<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Refrigerator door panel<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">SPCC \/ DC03<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">0.5\u20130.6 mm<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Powder coating \/ pre-painted<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">High surface quality; good flatness<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Refrigerator side panel<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">SECC \/ SGCC<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">0.5\u20130.8 mm<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Powder coating<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Strong corrosion resistance<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Washing machine inner tub<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">SPCD \/ SECC<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">0.8\u20131.2 mm<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Galvanizing + plastic coating<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Good deep-draw performance<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Washing machine cabinet<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">SPCC \/ SGCC<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">0.8\u20131.0 mm<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Powder coating<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Good appearance<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Air conditioner housing<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">SPCC \/ SGCC<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">0.8\u20131.5 mm<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Powder coating<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Corrosion protection + appearance<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Microwave oven housing<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">SECC<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">0.6\u20130.8 mm<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Powder coating \/ as-is<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Corrosion resistance<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">PC chassis<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">SECC<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">0.6\u20131.0 mm<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Powder coating \/ as-is<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">EMI shielding<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">TV back panel<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">SPCC<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">0.5\u20130.8 mm<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Powder coating<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Low cost<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-46 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-47 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-three\" style=\"--awb-font-size:30px;\"><h3 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left\" style=\"margin:0;font-size:1em;\">Automotive Industry<\/h3><\/div>\n<div class=\"table-2\">\n<table width=\"100%\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th align=\"left\">Component<\/th>\n<th align=\"left\">Recommended Material<\/th>\n<th align=\"left\">Thickness<\/th>\n<th align=\"left\">Surface Quality<\/th>\n<th align=\"left\">Key Performance Requirements<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Inner door panel<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">DC03 \/ DC04<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">0.7\u20131.0 mm<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">FB\/FC<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Deep drawability<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Outer door panel<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">DC04 \/ O5 grade<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">0.7\u20130.8 mm<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">FD<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">High surface quality<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Hood<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">DC04 \/ O5 grade<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">0.8\u20131.0 mm<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">FD<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Appearance + dent resistance<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Decklid (trunk lid)<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">DC06<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">0.7\u20130.9 mm<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">FD<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Extra-deep drawability<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Roof panel<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">DC04 \/ O5 grade<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">0.7\u20130.8 mm<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">FD<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Flatness over large areas<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Outer side panel<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">DC04 \/ O5 grade<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">0.7\u20130.9 mm<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">FD<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Large-radius \/ complex curvature forming<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Floor pan<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">High-strength steel<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">1.2\u20132.0 mm<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">FB<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">High strength<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Oil pan<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">DC06<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">1.5\u20132.0 mm<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">FB<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Extra-deep drawability + leak resistance<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Seat frame<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">High-strength steel<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">1.5\u20133.0 mm<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">FB<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Strength + safety<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-47 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-48 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-three\" style=\"--awb-font-size:30px;\"><h3 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left\" style=\"margin:0;font-size:1em;\">Telecom Equipment Industry<\/h3><\/div>\n<div class=\"table-2\">\n<table width=\"100%\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th align=\"left\">Product<\/th>\n<th align=\"left\">Recommended Material<\/th>\n<th align=\"left\">Thickness<\/th>\n<th align=\"left\">Surface Finish<\/th>\n<th align=\"left\">Key Requirements<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Server cabinet<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">SPCC \/ SGCC<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">1.5\u20132.5 mm<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Powder coating<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Strength + corrosion resistance<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Power distribution cabinet<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">SGCC<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">1.2\u20132.0 mm<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Powder coating<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Corrosion resistance + safety<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Network cabinet<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">SPCC \/ SGCC<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">1.0\u20132.0 mm<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Powder coating<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Strength + appearance<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Battery cabinet<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">SGCC<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">1.5\u20132.5 mm<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Heavy-duty powder coating<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">High corrosion resistance<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Outdoor base station<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">SGCC<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">2.0\u20133.0 mm<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Heavy-duty powder coating<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Weather resistance<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Equipment frame<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">SPCC<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">1.0\u20131.5 mm<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Phosphate + powder coating<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Strength + cost<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-48 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-49 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-three\" style=\"--awb-font-size:30px;\"><h3 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left\" style=\"margin:0;font-size:1em;\">Building and Architectural Applications<\/h3><\/div>\n<div class=\"table-2\">\n<table width=\"100%\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th align=\"left\">Product<\/th>\n<th align=\"left\">Recommended Material<\/th>\n<th align=\"left\">Thickness<\/th>\n<th align=\"left\">Surface Finish<\/th>\n<th align=\"left\">Key Requirements<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Metal ceiling panels<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">SPCC<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">0.5\u20130.8 mm<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Powder coating \/ pre-painted<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Flatness + appearance<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Curtain wall panels<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">SPCC \/ SGCC<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">1.0\u20132.5 mm<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Powder coating \/ fluorocarbon coating<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Weather resistance<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Metal partitions<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">SPCC<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">0.8\u20131.2 mm<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Powder coating<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Appearance + strength<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Railings and handrails<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">SPCC \/ SGCC<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">1.5\u20132.5 mm<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Powder coating \/ galvanizing<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Safety + corrosion resistance<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-49 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-50 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-three\" style=\"--awb-font-size:30px;\"><h3 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left\" style=\"margin:0;font-size:1em;\">Hardware and Metal Products<\/h3><\/div>\n<div class=\"table-2\">\n<table width=\"100%\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th align=\"left\">Product<\/th>\n<th align=\"left\">Recommended Material<\/th>\n<th align=\"left\">Thickness<\/th>\n<th align=\"left\">Surface Finish<\/th>\n<th align=\"left\">Key Requirements<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Toolbox<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">SPCC \/ SECC<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">0.8\u20131.5 mm<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Powder coating \/ electro-galvanizing<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Flatness + appearance<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Metal enclosure\/case<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">SECC \/ SGCC<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">0.8\u20131.2 mm<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Electro-galvanizing<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Weather resistance<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Filing cabinet<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">SECC<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">0.6\u20131.0 mm<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Powder coating<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Appearance + strength<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Shelving<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">SPCC \/ SGCC<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">1.0\u20132.0 mm<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Powder coating<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Safety + corrosion resistance<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Hardware parts<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">SPCC<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">0.5\u20131.5 mm<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Electro-galvanizing<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Precision + corrosion resistance<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-9 fusion-flex-container has-pattern-background has-mask-background nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling fusion-custom-z-index\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-z-index:1;--awb-margin-top:80px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"max-width:1248px;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-50 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-51 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-two\" style=\"--awb-font-size:48px;\" id=\"cost\"><h2 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left\" style=\"margin:0;font-size:1em;\">Cost Breakdown for Cold-Rolled Carbon Steel Sheet<\/h2><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-51 fusion_builder_column_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-max-width:300px;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-6 hover-type-none\" style=\"border-radius:20px;\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1448\" height=\"1086\" alt=\"Steel coils and sheet stock representing raw material costs for cold-rolled carbon steel production\" title=\"Cold-Rolled Steel Raw Material Costs\" src=\"https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Cold-Rolled-Steel-Raw-Material-Costs.webp\" class=\"img-responsive wp-image-6623\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Cold-Rolled-Steel-Raw-Material-Costs-200x150.webp 200w, https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Cold-Rolled-Steel-Raw-Material-Costs-300x225.webp 300w, https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Cold-Rolled-Steel-Raw-Material-Costs-400x300.webp 400w, https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Cold-Rolled-Steel-Raw-Material-Costs-500x375.webp 500w, https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Cold-Rolled-Steel-Raw-Material-Costs-600x450.webp 600w, https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Cold-Rolled-Steel-Raw-Material-Costs-700x525.webp 700w, https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Cold-Rolled-Steel-Raw-Material-Costs-768x576.webp 768w, https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Cold-Rolled-Steel-Raw-Material-Costs-800x600.webp 800w, https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Cold-Rolled-Steel-Raw-Material-Costs-1024x768.webp 1024w, https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Cold-Rolled-Steel-Raw-Material-Costs-1200x900.webp 1200w, https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Cold-Rolled-Steel-Raw-Material-Costs.webp 1448w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-52 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-center fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-three\" style=\"--awb-margin-top:30px;--awb-font-size:20px;\"><h3 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-center\" style=\"margin:0;font-size:1em;\">Material Costs<\/h3><\/div><ul style=\"--awb-size:15px;--awb-item-padding-top:15px;--awb-item-padding-right:15px;--awb-item-padding-left:15px;--awb-line-height:25.5px;--awb-icon-width:25.5px;--awb-icon-height:25.5px;--awb-icon-margin:10.5px;--awb-content-margin:36px;--awb-circlecolor:var(--awb-color8);--awb-circle-yes-font-size:13.2px;\" class=\"fusion-checklist fusion-checklist-1 fusion-checklist-divider type-numbered\"><li class=\"fusion-li-item\" style=\"\"><span class=\"icon-wrapper circle-yes\">1<\/span><div class=\"fusion-li-item-content\">\n<p><strong data-start=\"75\" data-end=\"93\">Raw materials:<\/strong> 60\u201370% of total cost<\/p>\n<\/div><\/li><li class=\"fusion-li-item\" style=\"\"><span class=\"icon-wrapper circle-yes\">2<\/span><div class=\"fusion-li-item-content\">\n<p>Pricing is heavily affected by fluctuations in <strong data-start=\"166\" data-end=\"182\">steel billet<\/strong> and <strong data-start=\"187\" data-end=\"206\">hot-rolled coil<\/strong> prices<\/p>\n<\/div><\/li><li class=\"fusion-li-item\" style=\"\"><span class=\"icon-wrapper circle-yes\">3<\/span><div class=\"fusion-li-item-content\">\n<p>Typical grade pricing trend: <strong data-start=\"247\" data-end=\"269\">SPCC &lt; SPCD &lt; SPCE<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-52 fusion_builder_column_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column fusion-flex-align-self-stretch\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-max-width:300px;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-7 hover-type-none\" style=\"border-radius:20px;\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1448\" height=\"1086\" alt=\"Cold-rolled steel strip passing through industrial rolling equipment during sheet processing\" title=\"Cold-Rolled Steel Processing Costs\" src=\"https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Cold-Rolled-Steel-Processing-Costs.webp\" class=\"img-responsive wp-image-6624\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Cold-Rolled-Steel-Processing-Costs-200x150.webp 200w, https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Cold-Rolled-Steel-Processing-Costs-300x225.webp 300w, https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Cold-Rolled-Steel-Processing-Costs-400x300.webp 400w, https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Cold-Rolled-Steel-Processing-Costs-500x375.webp 500w, https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Cold-Rolled-Steel-Processing-Costs-600x450.webp 600w, https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Cold-Rolled-Steel-Processing-Costs-700x525.webp 700w, https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Cold-Rolled-Steel-Processing-Costs-768x576.webp 768w, https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Cold-Rolled-Steel-Processing-Costs-800x600.webp 800w, https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Cold-Rolled-Steel-Processing-Costs-1024x768.webp 1024w, https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Cold-Rolled-Steel-Processing-Costs-1200x900.webp 1200w, https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Cold-Rolled-Steel-Processing-Costs.webp 1448w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-53 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-center fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-three\" style=\"--awb-margin-top:30px;--awb-font-size:20px;\"><h3 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-center\" style=\"margin:0;font-size:1em;\">Processing Costs<\/h3><\/div><ul style=\"--awb-size:15px;--awb-item-padding-top:15px;--awb-item-padding-right:15px;--awb-item-padding-left:15px;--awb-line-height:25.5px;--awb-icon-width:25.5px;--awb-icon-height:25.5px;--awb-icon-margin:10.5px;--awb-content-margin:36px;--awb-circlecolor:var(--awb-color8);--awb-circle-yes-font-size:13.2px;\" class=\"fusion-checklist fusion-checklist-2 fusion-checklist-divider type-numbered\"><li class=\"fusion-li-item\" style=\"\"><span class=\"icon-wrapper circle-yes\">1<\/span><div class=\"fusion-li-item-content\">\n<p><strong data-start=\"294\" data-end=\"311\">Cold rolling:<\/strong> 10\u201315%<\/p>\n<\/div><\/li><li class=\"fusion-li-item\" style=\"\"><span class=\"icon-wrapper circle-yes\">2<\/span><div class=\"fusion-li-item-content\">\n<p><strong data-start=\"323\" data-end=\"377\">Annealing, temper rolling (skin-pass), and oiling:<\/strong> 5\u201310%<\/p>\n<\/div><\/li><li class=\"fusion-li-item\" style=\"\"><span class=\"icon-wrapper circle-yes\">3<\/span><div class=\"fusion-li-item-content\">\n<p><strong data-start=\"388\" data-end=\"419\">Cut-to-length and slitting:<\/strong> 3\u20135%<\/p>\n<\/div><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-53 fusion_builder_column_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-max-width:300px;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-8 hover-type-none\" style=\"border-radius:20px;\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1448\" height=\"1086\" alt=\"Packaged cold-rolled carbon steel sheets secured on pallets for storage and transportation\" title=\"Cold-Rolled Steel Packaging and Transportation\" src=\"https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Cold-Rolled-Steel-Packaging-and-Transportation.webp\" class=\"img-responsive wp-image-6625\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Cold-Rolled-Steel-Packaging-and-Transportation-200x150.webp 200w, https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Cold-Rolled-Steel-Packaging-and-Transportation-300x225.webp 300w, https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Cold-Rolled-Steel-Packaging-and-Transportation-400x300.webp 400w, https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Cold-Rolled-Steel-Packaging-and-Transportation-500x375.webp 500w, https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Cold-Rolled-Steel-Packaging-and-Transportation-600x450.webp 600w, https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Cold-Rolled-Steel-Packaging-and-Transportation-700x525.webp 700w, https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Cold-Rolled-Steel-Packaging-and-Transportation-768x576.webp 768w, https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Cold-Rolled-Steel-Packaging-and-Transportation-800x600.webp 800w, https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Cold-Rolled-Steel-Packaging-and-Transportation-1024x768.webp 1024w, https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Cold-Rolled-Steel-Packaging-and-Transportation-1200x900.webp 1200w, https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Cold-Rolled-Steel-Packaging-and-Transportation.webp 1448w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-54 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-center fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-three\" style=\"--awb-margin-top:30px;--awb-font-size:20px;\"><h3 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-center\" style=\"margin:0;font-size:1em;\">Packaging and Transportation<\/h3><\/div><ul style=\"--awb-size:15px;--awb-item-padding-top:15px;--awb-item-padding-right:15px;--awb-item-padding-left:15px;--awb-line-height:25.5px;--awb-icon-width:25.5px;--awb-icon-height:25.5px;--awb-icon-margin:10.5px;--awb-content-margin:36px;--awb-circlecolor:var(--awb-color8);--awb-circle-yes-font-size:13.2px;\" class=\"fusion-checklist fusion-checklist-3 fusion-checklist-divider type-numbered\"><li class=\"fusion-li-item\" style=\"\"><span class=\"icon-wrapper circle-yes\">1<\/span><div class=\"fusion-li-item-content\">\n<p><strong data-start=\"461\" data-end=\"475\">Packaging:<\/strong> 2\u20133%<\/p>\n<\/div><\/li><li class=\"fusion-li-item\" style=\"\"><span class=\"icon-wrapper circle-yes\">2<\/span><div class=\"fusion-li-item-content\">\n<p><strong data-start=\"485\" data-end=\"513\">Domestic transportation:<\/strong> 1\u20132%<\/p>\n<\/div><\/li><li class=\"fusion-li-item\" style=\"\"><span class=\"icon-wrapper circle-yes\">3<\/span><div class=\"fusion-li-item-content\">\n<p><strong data-start=\"523\" data-end=\"541\">Ocean freight:<\/strong> <strong data-start=\"542\" data-end=\"598\">Not included in FOB pricing; included in CIF pricing<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-54 fusion_builder_column_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column fusion-flex-align-self-stretch\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-max-width:300px;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-9 hover-type-none\" style=\"border-radius:20px;\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1448\" height=\"1086\" alt=\"Modern steel processing factory showing production equipment, storage and manufacturing operations\" title=\"Cold-Rolled Steel Manufacturing Overhead\" src=\"https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Cold-Rolled-Steel-Manufacturing-Overhead.webp\" class=\"img-responsive wp-image-6626\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Cold-Rolled-Steel-Manufacturing-Overhead-200x150.webp 200w, https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Cold-Rolled-Steel-Manufacturing-Overhead-300x225.webp 300w, https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Cold-Rolled-Steel-Manufacturing-Overhead-400x300.webp 400w, https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Cold-Rolled-Steel-Manufacturing-Overhead-500x375.webp 500w, https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Cold-Rolled-Steel-Manufacturing-Overhead-600x450.webp 600w, https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Cold-Rolled-Steel-Manufacturing-Overhead-700x525.webp 700w, https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Cold-Rolled-Steel-Manufacturing-Overhead-768x576.webp 768w, https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Cold-Rolled-Steel-Manufacturing-Overhead-800x600.webp 800w, https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Cold-Rolled-Steel-Manufacturing-Overhead-1024x768.webp 1024w, https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Cold-Rolled-Steel-Manufacturing-Overhead-1200x900.webp 1200w, https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Cold-Rolled-Steel-Manufacturing-Overhead.webp 1448w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-55 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-center fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-three\" style=\"--awb-margin-top:30px;--awb-font-size:20px;\"><h3 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-center\" style=\"margin:0;font-size:1em;\">Overhead and Profit<\/h3><\/div><ul style=\"--awb-size:15px;--awb-item-padding-top:15px;--awb-item-padding-right:15px;--awb-item-padding-left:15px;--awb-line-height:25.5px;--awb-icon-width:25.5px;--awb-icon-height:25.5px;--awb-icon-margin:10.5px;--awb-content-margin:36px;--awb-circlecolor:var(--awb-color8);--awb-circle-yes-font-size:13.2px;\" class=\"fusion-checklist fusion-checklist-4 fusion-checklist-divider type-numbered\"><li class=\"fusion-li-item\" style=\"\"><span class=\"icon-wrapper circle-yes\">1<\/span><div class=\"fusion-li-item-content\">\n<p><strong data-start=\"666\" data-end=\"694\">Administrative overhead:<\/strong> 3\u20135%<\/p>\n<\/div><\/li><li class=\"fusion-li-item\" style=\"\"><span class=\"icon-wrapper circle-yes\">2<\/span><div class=\"fusion-li-item-content\">\n<p><strong data-start=\"704\" data-end=\"724\">Financing costs:<\/strong> 2\u20133%<\/p>\n<\/div><\/li><li class=\"fusion-li-item\" style=\"\"><span class=\"icon-wrapper circle-yes\">3<\/span><div class=\"fusion-li-item-content\">\n<p><strong data-start=\"734\" data-end=\"752\">Profit margin:<\/strong> 5\u201310%<\/p>\n<\/div><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-55 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-56 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-three\" style=\"--awb-font-size:30px;\"><h3 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left\" style=\"margin:0;font-size:1em;\">Key Factors That Affect Pricing<\/h3><\/div>\n<div class=\"table-2\">\n<table width=\"100%\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th align=\"left\">Factor<\/th>\n<th align=\"left\">Impact Level<\/th>\n<th align=\"left\">Notes<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Raw material prices<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">High<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Driven by swings in iron ore and coke prices<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Market supply and demand<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Moderate<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Prices typically rise during peak seasons<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-10 fusion-flex-container has-mask-background nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling fusion-custom-z-index\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-z-index:1;--awb-padding-top:80px;--awb-padding-bottom:80px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"awb-background-mask\" style=\"background-image:  url(data:image\/svg+xml;utf8,%3Csvg%20width%3D%221920%22%20height%3D%22954%22%20fill%3D%22none%22%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill-rule%3D%22evenodd%22%20clip-rule%3D%22evenodd%22%20d%3D%22M1920%200h-832.2S1252%20176.5%201252%20477s-164.2%20477-164.2%20477H1920V0z%22%20fill%3D%22rgba%2833%2C126%2C232%2C0.05%29%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E);opacity: 1 ;mix-blend-mode:normal;\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"max-width:1260px;margin-left: calc(-5% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-5% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-56 fusion_builder_column_2_5 2_5 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-padding-right:10px;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:40%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:5.9375%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:0px;--awb-spacing-left-large:5.9375%;--awb-width-medium:40%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:5.9375%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:5.9375%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:2.375%;--awb-margin-bottom-small:60px;--awb-spacing-left-small:2.375%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-57 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-two fusion-animated\" style=\"--awb-text-color:#0f0f0f;--awb-font-size:30px;--awb-animation-color:#ededed;\" data-animationType=\"revealInLeft\" data-animationDuration=\"1.5\" data-animationDelay=\"0.5\" data-animationOffset=\"top-into-view\" id=\"faqs\"><h2 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left\" style=\"font-family:&quot;Mulish&quot;;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;margin:0;letter-spacing:-0.015em;text-transform:capitalize;font-size:1em;line-height:1.3;\">Cold-Rolled Carbon Steel Sheet <mark class=\"fusion-highlight custom-textcolor highlight1 awb-highlight-marker\" style=\"--awb-color:#f6ae03;--awb-text-color:#0f0f0f;\">FAQs<\/mark>&nbsp;<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-top:25px;margin-bottom:40px;width:100%;\"><div class=\"fusion-separator-border sep-single sep-solid\" style=\"--awb-height:20px;--awb-amount:20px;--awb-sep-color:var(--awb-color5);border-color:var(--awb-color5);border-top-width:3px;\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-57 fusion_builder_column_3_5 3_5 fusion-flex-column fusion-animated\" style=\"--awb-bg-position:center bottom;--awb-bg-size:;--awb-width-large:60%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.9583333333333%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:0px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.9583333333333%;--awb-width-medium:60%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.9583333333333%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.9583333333333%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:2.375%;--awb-spacing-left-small:2.375%;\" data-animationType=\"fadeInUp\" data-animationDuration=\"1.5\" data-animationOffset=\"top-into-view\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"accordian fusion-accordian\" style=\"--awb-border-size:1px;--awb-icon-size:14px;--awb-content-font-size:17px;--awb-content-letter-spacing:0.010em;--awb-content-text-transform:var(--awb-typography4-text-transform);--awb-content-line-height:1.6;--awb-icon-alignment:left;--awb-hover-color:rgba(255,143,92,0.05);--awb-border-color:rgba(79,134,216,0.2);--awb-background-color:rgba(79,134,216,0.05);--awb-divider-color:rgba(79,134,216,0.2);--awb-divider-hover-color:#4e85d8;--awb-icon-color:#191919;--awb-title-color:#191919;--awb-content-color:#424242;--awb-icon-box-color:rgba(79,134,216,0.1);--awb-toggle-hover-accent-color:#4e85d8;--awb-toggle-active-accent-color:#ff915e;--awb-title-font-family:&quot;Figtree&quot;;--awb-title-font-weight:600;--awb-title-font-style:normal;--awb-title-font-size:20px;--awb-title-letter-spacing:0.010em;--awb-title-line-height:1.4;--awb-title-text-transform:var(--awb-typography1-text-transform);--awb-content-font-family:&quot;Figtree&quot;;--awb-content-font-style:normal;--awb-content-font-weight:400;\"><div class=\"panel-group fusion-toggle-icon-boxed\" id=\"accordion-2214-1\"><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default panel-9a00f350473f59543 fusion-toggle-no-divider fusion-toggle-boxed-mode\"><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h3 class=\"panel-title toggle\" id=\"toggle_9a00f350473f59543\"><a aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"9a00f350473f59543\" role=\"button\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-target=\"#9a00f350473f59543\" href=\"#9a00f350473f59543\"><span class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box active-icon fa-caret-down fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><i class=\"fa-fusion-box inactive-icon fa-caret-right fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">What\u2019s the difference between SPCC and DC01?<\/span><\/a><\/h3><\/div><div id=\"9a00f350473f59543\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse \" aria-labelledby=\"toggle_9a00f350473f59543\"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content fusion-clearfix\">\n<div class=\"panel-heading\">SPCC is a grade defined under the Japanese JIS standard, while DC01 is defined under the European EN standard. Both are general-purpose cold-rolled low-carbon steel sheets with very similar chemistry and mechanical properties. In most real-world applications they can be used interchangeably, but you should confirm which standard system the customer requires.<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default panel-c9002676c63149ffd fusion-toggle-no-divider fusion-toggle-boxed-mode\"><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h3 class=\"panel-title toggle\" id=\"toggle_c9002676c63149ffd\"><a aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"c9002676c63149ffd\" role=\"button\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-target=\"#c9002676c63149ffd\" href=\"#c9002676c63149ffd\"><span class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box active-icon fa-caret-down fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><i class=\"fa-fusion-box inactive-icon fa-caret-right fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">How do I choose between SPCC, SPCD, and SPCE?<\/span><\/a><\/h3><\/div><div id=\"c9002676c63149ffd\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse \" aria-labelledby=\"toggle_c9002676c63149ffd\"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content fusion-clearfix\">\n<div class=\"panel-heading\">\n<p data-start=\"464\" data-end=\"584\">Choose based on how demanding the forming operation is:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"587\" data-end=\"652\"><strong data-start=\"587\" data-end=\"596\">SPCC:<\/strong> Simple bending and punching; general structural parts<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"655\" data-end=\"696\"><strong data-start=\"655\" data-end=\"664\">SPCD:<\/strong> Moderate stamping and bending<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"699\" data-end=\"763\"><strong data-start=\"699\" data-end=\"708\">SPCE:<\/strong> Deep-drawn parts, such as oil pans and filter housings<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default panel-1bcc92113e341df86 fusion-toggle-no-divider fusion-toggle-boxed-mode\"><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h3 class=\"panel-title toggle\" id=\"toggle_1bcc92113e341df86\"><a aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"1bcc92113e341df86\" role=\"button\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-target=\"#1bcc92113e341df86\" href=\"#1bcc92113e341df86\"><span class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box active-icon fa-caret-down fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><i class=\"fa-fusion-box inactive-icon fa-caret-right fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">What\u2019s the difference between cold-rolled steel and hot-rolled steel?<\/span><\/a><\/h3><\/div><div id=\"1bcc92113e341df86\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse \" aria-labelledby=\"toggle_1bcc92113e341df86\"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content fusion-clearfix\">\n<div class=\"panel-heading\">\n<p data-start=\"765\" data-end=\"879\">The main differences are:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"882\" data-end=\"1001\"><strong data-start=\"882\" data-end=\"901\">Surface finish:<\/strong> Cold-rolled sheet is smooth and typically free of scale; hot-rolled sheet usually has mill scale.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1004\" data-end=\"1134\"><strong data-start=\"1004\" data-end=\"1029\">Dimensional accuracy:<\/strong> Cold-rolled sheet has tighter tolerances and higher precision; hot-rolled sheet has looser tolerances.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1137\" data-end=\"1307\"><strong data-start=\"1137\" data-end=\"1163\">Mechanical properties:<\/strong> Cold-rolled sheet generally has higher strength but slightly lower ductility; hot-rolled sheet is typically more ductile with lower strength.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1310\" data-end=\"1397\"><strong data-start=\"1310\" data-end=\"1319\">Cost:<\/strong> Cold-rolled sheet is usually <strong data-start=\"1349\" data-end=\"1359\">10\u201320%<\/strong> more expensive than hot-rolled sheet.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default panel-3870c88d7f27b2549 fusion-toggle-no-divider fusion-toggle-boxed-mode\"><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h3 class=\"panel-title toggle\" id=\"toggle_3870c88d7f27b2549\"><a aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"3870c88d7f27b2549\" role=\"button\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-target=\"#3870c88d7f27b2549\" href=\"#3870c88d7f27b2549\"><span class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box active-icon fa-caret-down fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><i class=\"fa-fusion-box inactive-icon fa-caret-right fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">What are stretcher-strain marks?<\/span><\/a><\/h3><\/div><div id=\"3870c88d7f27b2549\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse \" aria-labelledby=\"toggle_3870c88d7f27b2549\"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content fusion-clearfix\">\n<div class=\"panel-heading\">\n<p>Stretcher-strain marks are an \u201corange-peel\u201d-like surface defect that can show up during stretching or deep drawing, caused by <strong data-start=\"1878\" data-end=\"1894\">L\u00fcders bands<\/strong> forming on the surface.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"1961\" data-end=\"1987\"><strong data-start=\"1961\" data-end=\"1970\">SPCC:<\/strong> not guaranteed<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1990\" data-end=\"2063\"><strong data-start=\"1990\" data-end=\"1999\">SPCD:<\/strong> guaranteed not to appear within <strong data-start=\"2032\" data-end=\"2044\">3 months<\/strong> after production<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2066\" data-end=\"2202\"><strong data-start=\"2066\" data-end=\"2075\">SPCE:<\/strong> guaranteed not to appear within <strong data-start=\"2108\" data-end=\"2120\">6 months<\/strong> after production<br data-start=\"2137\" data-end=\"2140\">For appearance-critical parts, use <strong data-start=\"2175\" data-end=\"2194\">non-aging steel<\/strong> (SPCE).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default panel-15f59eea7b9835e63 fusion-toggle-no-divider fusion-toggle-boxed-mode\"><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h3 class=\"panel-title toggle\" id=\"toggle_15f59eea7b9835e63\"><a aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"15f59eea7b9835e63\" role=\"button\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-target=\"#15f59eea7b9835e63\" href=\"#15f59eea7b9835e63\"><span class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box active-icon fa-caret-down fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><i class=\"fa-fusion-box inactive-icon fa-caret-right fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">Will cold-rolled steel rust?<\/span><\/a><\/h3><\/div><div id=\"15f59eea7b9835e63\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse \" aria-labelledby=\"toggle_15f59eea7b9835e63\"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content fusion-clearfix\">\n<div class=\"panel-heading\">\n<p>Yes. Cold-rolled steel doesn\u2019t contain corrosion-resistant alloying elements, so it can rust easily in humid environments. That\u2019s why surface treatments (phosphating, powder coating, electroplating, etc.) are commonly used to improve corrosion resistance.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default panel-b3aecf15925a8a84e fusion-toggle-no-divider fusion-toggle-boxed-mode\"><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h3 class=\"panel-title toggle\" id=\"toggle_b3aecf15925a8a84e\"><a aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"b3aecf15925a8a84e\" role=\"button\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-target=\"#b3aecf15925a8a84e\" href=\"#b3aecf15925a8a84e\"><span class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box active-icon fa-caret-down fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><i class=\"fa-fusion-box inactive-icon fa-caret-right fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">What causes cracking during bending?<\/span><\/a><\/h3><\/div><div id=\"b3aecf15925a8a84e\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse \" aria-labelledby=\"toggle_b3aecf15925a8a84e\"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content fusion-clearfix\">\n<div class=\"panel-heading\">\n<p data-start=\"2204\" data-end=\"2282\">Common causes include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"2285\" data-end=\"2334\">Bend radius is too small (should be <strong data-start=\"2321\" data-end=\"2331\">\u2265 1.0t<\/strong>)<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2337\" data-end=\"2387\">Material grade is too low (use <strong data-start=\"2368\" data-end=\"2384\">SPCD or SPCE<\/strong>)<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2390\" data-end=\"2429\">Material defects (cracks, inclusions)<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2432\" data-end=\"2524\">Bend line is parallel to the rolling direction (use <strong data-start=\"2484\" data-end=\"2498\">45\u00b0 or 90\u00b0<\/strong> to the rolling direction)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default panel-fcf66f56b0526c858 fusion-toggle-no-divider fusion-toggle-boxed-mode\"><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h3 class=\"panel-title toggle\" id=\"toggle_fcf66f56b0526c858\"><a aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"fcf66f56b0526c858\" role=\"button\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-target=\"#fcf66f56b0526c858\" href=\"#fcf66f56b0526c858\"><span class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box active-icon fa-caret-down fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><i class=\"fa-fusion-box inactive-icon fa-caret-right fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">What should I do if wrinkling occurs during deep drawing?<\/span><\/a><\/h3><\/div><div id=\"fcf66f56b0526c858\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse \" aria-labelledby=\"toggle_fcf66f56b0526c858\"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content fusion-clearfix\">\n<div class=\"panel-heading\">\n<p data-start=\"2526\" data-end=\"2621\">Try the following:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"2624\" data-end=\"2671\">Use deep-drawing grades such as <strong data-start=\"2656\" data-end=\"2669\">SPCE\/DC06<\/strong><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2674\" data-end=\"2757\">Optimize binder (blank-holder) force\u2014too little force makes wrinkling more likely<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2760\" data-end=\"2796\">Check die surface finish\/roughness<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2799\" data-end=\"2822\">Optimize the draw ratio<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default panel-117e31d71776a1b6a fusion-toggle-no-divider fusion-toggle-boxed-mode\"><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h3 class=\"panel-title toggle\" id=\"toggle_117e31d71776a1b6a\"><a aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"117e31d71776a1b6a\" role=\"button\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-target=\"#117e31d71776a1b6a\" href=\"#117e31d71776a1b6a\"><span class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box active-icon fa-caret-down fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><i class=\"fa-fusion-box inactive-icon fa-caret-right fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">How do you control weld distortion?<\/span><\/a><\/h3><\/div><div id=\"117e31d71776a1b6a\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse \" aria-labelledby=\"toggle_117e31d71776a1b6a\"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content fusion-clearfix\">\n<p data-start=\"2824\" data-end=\"2904\">Typical controls include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"2907\" data-end=\"2979\">Use a logical weld sequence: weld short seams first, then longer seams<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2982\" data-end=\"3028\">Use symmetrical welding to reduce distortion<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3031\" data-end=\"3088\">Perform post-weld stress-relief annealing (\u2264 <strong data-start=\"3076\" data-end=\"3085\">200\u00b0C<\/strong>)<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3091\" data-end=\"3133\">Use fixtures\/clamps to hold parts in place<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default panel-2230ee49184bd013a fusion-toggle-no-divider fusion-toggle-boxed-mode\"><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h3 class=\"panel-title toggle\" id=\"toggle_2230ee49184bd013a\"><a aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"2230ee49184bd013a\" role=\"button\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-target=\"#2230ee49184bd013a\" href=\"#2230ee49184bd013a\"><span class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box active-icon fa-caret-down fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><i class=\"fa-fusion-box inactive-icon fa-caret-right fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">How can I improve coating adhesion?<\/span><\/a><\/h3><\/div><div id=\"2230ee49184bd013a\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse \" aria-labelledby=\"toggle_2230ee49184bd013a\"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content fusion-clearfix\">\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"3192\" data-end=\"3258\">Apply a phosphate conversion coating to create a good base layer<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3261\" data-end=\"3314\">Thoroughly remove oil, rust, and other contaminants<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3317\" data-end=\"3376\">Choose the right coating material and application process<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3379\" data-end=\"3417\">Control bake temperature and bake time<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default panel-4f5e37505e490ec58 fusion-toggle-no-divider fusion-toggle-boxed-mode\"><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h3 class=\"panel-title toggle\" id=\"toggle_4f5e37505e490ec58\"><a aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"4f5e37505e490ec58\" role=\"button\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-target=\"#4f5e37505e490ec58\" href=\"#4f5e37505e490ec58\"><span class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box active-icon fa-caret-down fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><i class=\"fa-fusion-box inactive-icon fa-caret-right fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">Why does laser cutting leave burrs?<\/span><\/a><\/h3><\/div><div id=\"4f5e37505e490ec58\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse \" aria-labelledby=\"toggle_4f5e37505e490ec58\"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content fusion-clearfix\">\n<p data-start=\"3419\" data-end=\"3499\">Possible causes include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"3502\" data-end=\"3563\">Incorrect cutting parameters (power, speed, focal position)<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3566\" data-end=\"3600\">Insufficient assist-gas pressure<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3603\" data-end=\"3636\">Dirty optics\/lens contamination<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3639\" data-end=\"3661\">Dirty material surface<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default panel-bf3c01ea16c861b37 fusion-toggle-no-divider fusion-toggle-boxed-mode\"><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h3 class=\"panel-title toggle\" id=\"toggle_bf3c01ea16c861b37\"><a aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"bf3c01ea16c861b37\" role=\"button\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-target=\"#bf3c01ea16c861b37\" href=\"#bf3c01ea16c861b37\"><span class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box active-icon fa-caret-down fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><i class=\"fa-fusion-box inactive-icon fa-caret-right fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">How do you judge surface quality grades?<\/span><\/a><\/h3><\/div><div id=\"bf3c01ea16c861b37\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse \" aria-labelledby=\"toggle_bf3c01ea16c861b37\"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content fusion-clearfix\">\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"3726\" data-end=\"3786\"><strong data-start=\"3726\" data-end=\"3733\">FB:<\/strong> Minor scratches, dents, and small pits are allowed<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3789\" data-end=\"3837\"><strong data-start=\"3789\" data-end=\"3796\">FC:<\/strong> The better side has no obvious defects<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3840\" data-end=\"3962\"><strong data-start=\"3840\" data-end=\"3847\">FD:<\/strong> The better side is free of any defects<br data-start=\"3886\" data-end=\"3889\">Inspect under <strong data-start=\"3903\" data-end=\"3919\">45\u00b0 lighting<\/strong> from a viewing distance of <strong data-start=\"3947\" data-end=\"3961\">300\u2013500 mm<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default panel-3f0cf670088246883 fusion-toggle-no-divider fusion-toggle-boxed-mode\"><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h3 class=\"panel-title toggle\" id=\"toggle_3f0cf670088246883\"><a aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"3f0cf670088246883\" role=\"button\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-target=\"#3f0cf670088246883\" href=\"#3f0cf670088246883\"><span class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box active-icon fa-caret-down fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><i class=\"fa-fusion-box inactive-icon fa-caret-right fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">How do you measure thickness tolerance?<\/span><\/a><\/h3><\/div><div id=\"3f0cf670088246883\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse \" aria-labelledby=\"toggle_3f0cf670088246883\"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content fusion-clearfix\">\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"4026\" data-end=\"4077\">Use an ultrasonic thickness gauge or a micrometer<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4080\" data-end=\"4141\">Measure at least <strong data-start=\"4097\" data-end=\"4113\">three points<\/strong>: both ends and the middle<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4144\" data-end=\"4192\">Avoid the outer <strong data-start=\"4160\" data-end=\"4169\">50 mm<\/strong> near the sheet edges<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4195\" data-end=\"4246\">Record the <strong data-start=\"4206\" data-end=\"4239\">maximum, minimum, and average<\/strong> values<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default panel-e85405bf234752a54 fusion-toggle-no-divider fusion-toggle-boxed-mode\"><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h3 class=\"panel-title toggle\" id=\"toggle_e85405bf234752a54\"><a aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e85405bf234752a54\" role=\"button\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-target=\"#e85405bf234752a54\" href=\"#e85405bf234752a54\"><span class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box active-icon fa-caret-down fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><i class=\"fa-fusion-box inactive-icon fa-caret-right fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">What is an MTC?<\/span><\/a><\/h3><\/div><div id=\"e85405bf234752a54\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse \" aria-labelledby=\"toggle_e85405bf234752a54\"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content fusion-clearfix\">\n<p data-start=\"4248\" data-end=\"4394\">MTC stands for <strong data-start=\"4297\" data-end=\"4322\">Mill Test Certificate<\/strong>\u2014a mill-issued quality document for each batch. It typically includes:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"4397\" data-end=\"4416\">Heat\/batch number<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4419\" data-end=\"4426\">Grade<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4429\" data-end=\"4451\">Chemical composition<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4454\" data-end=\"4477\">Mechanical properties<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4480\" data-end=\"4505\">Dimensions\/specifications<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default panel-8a239998eb435e324 fusion-toggle-no-divider fusion-toggle-boxed-mode\"><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h3 class=\"panel-title toggle\" id=\"toggle_8a239998eb435e324\"><a aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"8a239998eb435e324\" role=\"button\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-target=\"#8a239998eb435e324\" href=\"#8a239998eb435e324\"><span class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box active-icon fa-caret-down fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><i class=\"fa-fusion-box inactive-icon fa-caret-right fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">How do you verify the material grade is correct?<\/span><\/a><\/h3><\/div><div id=\"8a239998eb435e324\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse \" aria-labelledby=\"toggle_8a239998eb435e324\"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content fusion-clearfix\">\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"4578\" data-end=\"4628\">Review the MTC and confirm grade and heat number<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4631\" data-end=\"4685\">Run a chemical composition test (e.g., spectrometry)<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4688\" data-end=\"4736\">Perform mechanical testing (tensile, hardness)<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4739\" data-end=\"4770\">Use a third-party lab if needed<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default panel-c2ecb18b5658285ac fusion-toggle-no-divider fusion-toggle-boxed-mode\"><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h3 class=\"panel-title toggle\" id=\"toggle_c2ecb18b5658285ac\"><a aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"c2ecb18b5658285ac\" role=\"button\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-target=\"#c2ecb18b5658285ac\" href=\"#c2ecb18b5658285ac\"><span class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box active-icon fa-caret-down fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><i class=\"fa-fusion-box inactive-icon fa-caret-right fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">How is surface roughness checked?<\/span><\/a><\/h3><\/div><div id=\"c2ecb18b5658285ac\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse \" aria-labelledby=\"toggle_c2ecb18b5658285ac\"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content fusion-clearfix\">\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"4828\" data-end=\"4860\">Use a surface roughness tester<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4863\" data-end=\"4913\">Measure <strong data-start=\"4871\" data-end=\"4885\">3\u20135 points<\/strong> evenly across the surface<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4916\" data-end=\"4957\">Measure <strong data-start=\"4924\" data-end=\"4955\">along the rolling direction<\/strong><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4960\" data-end=\"4983\">Record the <strong data-start=\"4971\" data-end=\"4977\">Ra<\/strong> value<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":2186,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"100-width.php","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2214","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2214","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2214"}],"version-history":[{"count":44,"href":"https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2214\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6657,"href":"https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2214\/revisions\/6657"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2186"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ceshi.baoxuanmetal.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2214"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}